fix(compiler): preserve runtime class dispatch and introspection for polymorphic objects (#110)

* fix(compiler): preserve runtime class dispatch and introspection for polymorphic objects

When an object variable has an upper-bound declared type (e.g. assigned from
a function or method return), SSA marks it as a stable object. However,
stableObjects does not guarantee the concrete runtime class: the instance
may be a subclass at runtime, or null if nullable.

1. FuncCallOptimizer::genGetClassOptimized checked isStableObject($obj->name)
   and folded get_class($obj) to the declared type literal string. For
   $a = getAnimal() returning a Dog, get_class($a) was incorrectly folded
   to "Animal" at compile time.
2. MethodCallTrait::parseStaticCall checked isStableObject($class) and
   jumped to _do_call with the declared base class. For $a::who(), this
   statically invoked Base::who() instead of dispatching to Dog::who() on
   the runtime object.

Require proven exact object instances (exactObjects, populated from direct
new ConcreteClass() definitions) before folding get_class() or devirtualizing
static calls on object variables. Non-exact variables fall back to runtime
class resolution (php::fn::get_class() and php::callStaticMethod()),
matching PHP semantics.

Add unit test coverage verifying exact objects continue to fold/devirtualize
while polymorphic variables retain dynamic runtime dispatch.

* fix(compiler): preserve lexical scope in dynamic static calls and runtime type checks for get_class

- Use php::callScoped with getCallableScopeExpr() for dynamic static calls inside class methods to preserve caller visibility on protected methods
- Fall back to runtime php::call for get_class on non-exact values so nullable objects throw TypeError instead of dereferencing null
- Add behavioral PHPT tests for protected polymorphic static calls and nullable get_class
- Update unit tests for scoped dispatch and runtime introspection

* test(compiler): remove stray top-level main call from PHPT tests

In TypePHP AOT compilation, function main(): void serves as the binary
entrypoint. Top-level function calls outside a function are rejected by
the preprocessor as stray code.

phpunit/code/polymorphic-dispatch.php

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+class BaseAnimal
+{
+    public static function identify(): string
+    {
+        return 'base';
+    }
+}
+
+class DogAnimal extends BaseAnimal
+{
+    public static function identify(): string
+    {
+        return 'dog';
+    }
+}
+
+function makeAnimal(): BaseAnimal
+{
+    return new DogAnimal();
+}
+
+function getExactClass(): string
+{
+    $dog = new DogAnimal();
+    return get_class($dog);
+}
+
+function getPolymorphicClass(): string
+{
+    $animal = makeAnimal();
+    return get_class($animal);
+}
+
+function callExactStatic(): string
+{
+    $dog = new DogAnimal();
+    return $dog::identify();
+}
+
+function callPolymorphicStatic(): string
+{
+    $animal = makeAnimal();
+    return $animal::identify();
+}
+
+class BaseScopedCaller
+{
+    protected static function identifyProtected(): string
+    {
+        return static::class;
+    }
+
+    public static function exercise(BaseScopedCaller $obj): string
+    {
+        return $obj::identifyProtected();
+    }
+}
+
+class ChildScopedCaller extends BaseScopedCaller
+{
+}

phpunit/src/PolymorphicClassDispatchTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+use TypePhp\CompilerTest;
+
+final class PolymorphicClassDispatchTest extends BaseTest
+{
+    public function testPolymorphicClassIntrospectionAndStaticDispatch(): void
+    {
+        global $translator;
+
+        $compiler = CompilerTest::create(TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH);
+        $translator = $compiler;
+        $source = TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/polymorphic-dispatch.php';
+        $compiler->addFiles([$source]);
+        $compiler->prepareFile($source);
+        $code = file_get_contents($compiler->convertFile($source));
+
+        self::assertIsString($code);
+
+        // Exact new object definition get_class() folds to compile-time literal string
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/php_getexactclass\(\) \{.*?tmp_var_\d+ = \(get_str\(\d+\)\);/s',
+            $code,
+        );
+
+        // Polymorphic get_class() must NOT fold or blindly invoke unchecked C++ helper;
+        // it must use runtime php::call to enforce PHP argument semantics (TypeError on null)
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            "/php_getpolymorphicclass\(\) \{.*?tmp_var_\d+ = \(php::call\(get_persistent_func\(PersistentFuncId\{0\}, get_str\(3\)\), php::VarList\{animal\}\)\);/s",
+            $code,
+        );
+
+        // Exact new object definition static call devirtualizes to cached call
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/php_callexactstatic\(\) \{.*?typephp_call_cached\(get_str\(\d+\)/s',
+            $code,
+        );
+
+        // Polymorphic static call from global function dispatches dynamically via callStaticMethod
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            '/php_callpolymorphicstatic\(\) \{.*?php::callStaticMethod\([^)]+\)/s',
+            $code,
+        );
+
+        // Polymorphic static call from within a class method preserves lexical callable scope
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression(
+            "/php_basescopedcaller__exercise\(.*?php::CallableScope (tmp_var_\d+) = php::getCallableScope\(.*?php::callScoped\(php::concat\(.*?, \\1\)/s",
+            $code,
+        );
+    }
+}

src/Optimizer/FuncCallOptimizer.php

@@ -1118,10 +1118,10 @@ trait FuncCallOptimizer
                 'Native classes do not support runtime class introspection; use `NativeClass::class`',
             );
         }
-        if ($this->isVarExpr($obj) && $this->isStableObject($obj->name)) {
-            return $this->getLiteralString($this->getObjectType($obj->name));
+        if ($this->isVarExpr($obj) && isset($this->context->exactObjects[$obj->name])) {
+            return $this->getLiteralString($this->context->exactObjects[$obj->name]);
         }
-        return 'php::fn::get_class(' . $this->parseIdentifier($obj) . ')';
+        return false;
     }
 
     protected function genGetParentClass(string $n, Node\Expr\FuncCall $e, array $c): string

src/Parser/MethodCallTrait.php

@@ -1080,6 +1080,7 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
         $rtClass = '';
         $cacheCallable = false;
         $directStaticCall = false;
+        $scopedStaticCall = false;
         $staticCallTarget = '';
         $staticCallMethod = '';
         $canUseDirectCallScope = $this->isNameExpr($expr->class) && $this->isIdExpr($expr->name);
@@ -1107,10 +1108,10 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
 
         if (!$this->isNameExpr($expr->class)) {
             if ($this->isVarExpr($expr->class)
-                && $this->isStableObject($class)
+                && isset($this->context->exactObjects[$class])
                 && $this->isIdExpr($expr->name)
             ) {
-                $class = $this->getObjectType($class);
+                $class = $this->context->exactObjects[$class];
                 goto _do_call;
             }
             $classTarget = $this->materializeDynamicStaticCallTarget($expr->class);
@@ -1129,7 +1130,11 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
                 }
             }
             $placeHolder = $fn;
-            $directStaticCall = true;
+            if ($this->methodDef !== null) {
+                $scopedStaticCall = true;
+            } else {
+                $directStaticCall = true;
+            }
         } elseif ($this->isVarExpr($expr->name)) {
             $staticCallMethod = $this->methodNameToStr($expr->name, literal: true);
             if ($class === 'static') {
@@ -1240,6 +1245,9 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
         }
 
         if (empty($expr->args)) {
+            if ($scopedStaticCall) {
+                return 'php::callScoped(' . $fn . ', ' . $this->getCallableScopeExpr() . ')';
+            }
             if ($directStaticCall) {
                 return 'php::callStaticMethod(' . $staticCallTarget . ', ' . $staticCallMethod . ')';
             }
@@ -1249,6 +1257,10 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
             return 'php::call(' . $fn . ')';
         }
         try {
+            if ($scopedStaticCall) {
+                return 'php::callScoped(' . $fn . ', ' . $this->getCallableScopeExpr() . ', '
+                    . $this->parseCallArgs($expr->args, $rtFunc, $rtClass) . ')';
+            }
             if ($directStaticCall) {
                 return 'php::callStaticMethod(' . $staticCallTarget . ', ' . $staticCallMethod . ', '
                     . $this->parseCallArgs($expr->args, $rtFunc, $rtClass) . ')';

tests/compiler/static/polymorphic-static-call-scope.phpt

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+--TEST--
+Polymorphic object static call preserves lexical scope for protected methods
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+class Base
+{
+    protected static function identify(): string
+    {
+        return static::class;
+    }
+
+    public static function who(): string
+    {
+        return static::class;
+    }
+
+    public static function exerciseStatic(Base $obj): string
+    {
+        return $obj::identify();
+    }
+
+    public function exerciseInstance(Base $obj): string
+    {
+        return $obj::identify();
+    }
+}
+
+class Child extends Base
+{
+}
+
+class SubChild extends Child
+{
+    public static function who(): string
+    {
+        return 'subchild:' . static::class;
+    }
+}
+
+function makeChild(): Base
+{
+    return new Child();
+}
+
+function makeSubChild(): Base
+{
+    return new SubChild();
+}
+
+function globalCallPublic(Base $obj): string
+{
+    return $obj::who();
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $child = makeChild();
+    var_dump(Base::exerciseStatic($child));
+
+    $base = new Base();
+    var_dump($base->exerciseInstance($child));
+
+    $sub = makeSubChild();
+    var_dump(Base::exerciseStatic($sub));
+    var_dump($base->exerciseInstance($sub));
+
+    var_dump(globalCallPublic($child));
+    var_dump(globalCallPublic($sub));
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(5) "Child"
+string(5) "Child"
+string(8) "SubChild"
+string(8) "SubChild"
+string(5) "Child"
+string(17) "subchild:SubChild"

tests/compiler/stdlib/get_class_nullable.phpt

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+--TEST--
+get_class on nullable and polymorphic objects behaves identically to PHP
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+class Animal
+{
+}
+
+class Dog extends Animal
+{
+}
+
+class Cat extends Animal
+{
+}
+
+function makeAnimal(): ?Animal
+{
+    return new Dog();
+}
+
+function makeNullAnimal(): ?Animal
+{
+    return null;
+}
+
+function testPolymorphic(): void
+{
+    $animal = makeAnimal();
+    var_dump(get_class($animal));
+}
+
+function testExact(): void
+{
+    $cat = new Cat();
+    var_dump(get_class($cat));
+}
+
+function testNullable(): void
+{
+    $animal = makeNullAnimal();
+    try {
+        var_dump(get_class($animal));
+    } catch (TypeError $e) {
+        echo "Caught nullable TypeError: " . $e->getMessage() . "\n";
+    }
+
+    try {
+        var_dump(get_class(null));
+    } catch (TypeError $e) {
+        echo "Caught literal TypeError: " . $e->getMessage() . "\n";
+    }
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    testPolymorphic();
+    testExact();
+    testNullable();
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(3) "Dog"
+string(3) "Cat"
+Caught nullable TypeError: get_class(): Argument #1 ($object) must be of type object, null given
+Caught literal TypeError: get_class(): Argument #1 ($object) must be of type object, null given