diff --git a/phpunit/code/parent-method-private.php b/phpunit/code/parent-method-private.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd030d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/parent-method-private.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+class Base
+{
+    private function secret(): string
+    {
+        return 'secret';
+    }
+}
+
+class Child extends Base
+{
+    public function reveal(): string
+    {
+        return parent::secret();
+    }
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $c = new Child();
+    var_dump($c->reveal());
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-final.php b/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-final.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cf6beeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-final.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+trait FinalOverrideTrait
+{
+    public function execute(): void
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+class FinalMethodParent
+{
+    final public function execute(): void
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+class FinalMethodChild extends FinalMethodParent
+{
+    use FinalOverrideTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-incompatible.php b/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-incompatible.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb4de957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-method-override-incompatible.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+trait IncompatibleTrait
+{
+    public function test(int $value)
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+class IncompatibleParent
+{
+    protected function test(int $value, bool $bool)
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+class IncompatibleChild extends IncompatibleParent
+{
+    use IncompatibleTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-method-shadows-private.php b/phpunit/code/trait-method-shadows-private.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a400975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-method-shadows-private.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+trait PrivateShadowTrait
+{
+    public function execute(string $value): string
+    {
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
+
+class PrivateMethodParent
+{
+    private function execute(int $value, bool $flag): int
+    {
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
+
+class PrivateMethodChild extends PrivateMethodParent
+{
+    use PrivateShadowTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    var_dump((new PrivateMethodChild())->execute('ok'));
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-private.php b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-private.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13afd0af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-private.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+trait SecretTrait
+{
+    public function reveal(): string
+    {
+        return parent::secret();
+    }
+}
+
+class BaseSecret
+{
+    private function secret(): string
+    {
+        return 'secret';
+    }
+}
+
+class ChildSecret extends BaseSecret
+{
+    use SecretTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $c = new ChildSecret();
+    var_dump($c->reveal());
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-protected.php b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-protected.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a94d8b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-method-protected.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+trait GreetTrait
+{
+    public function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return parent::greet($name) . ' [via trait]';
+    }
+}
+
+class BaseGreeter
+{
+    protected function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return 'Hello ' . $name;
+    }
+}
+
+class ChildGreeter extends BaseGreeter
+{
+    use GreetTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $g = new ChildGreeter();
+    var_dump($g->greet('World'));
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/trait-parent-without-parent.php b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-without-parent.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3a025d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/trait-parent-without-parent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+trait MissingParentTrait
+{
+    public function execute(): void
+    {
+        parent::execute();
+    }
+}
+
+class NoParentClass
+{
+    use MissingParentTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/src/ClassTest.php b/phpunit/src/ClassTest.php
index a2c5de87..49d62cc6 100644
--- a/phpunit/src/ClassTest.php
+++ b/phpunit/src/ClassTest.php
@@ -37,6 +37,28 @@ class ClassTest extends \BaseTest
         $this->exec('Cannot override private method `Base::doWork()`', 'override-private-method.php');
     }
 
+    public function testTraitMayCallProtectedParentMethod()
+    {
+        // A protected parent method is reachable via parent:: from a trait,
+        // matching PHP runtime behaviour.
+        $this->compile('trait-parent-method-protected.php');
+    }
+
+    public function testCannotAccessPrivateParentMethodFromRegularClass()
+    {
+        $this->exec('Cannot access private method `Base::secret()`', 'parent-method-private.php');
+    }
+
+    public function testCannotAccessPrivateParentMethodFromTrait()
+    {
+        $this->exec('Cannot access private method `BaseSecret::secret()`', 'trait-parent-method-private.php');
+    }
+
+    public function testTraitMethodMayShadowPrivateParentMethod()
+    {
+        $this->compile('trait-method-shadows-private.php');
+    }
+
     public function testSelfCanBePartOfUnionType()
     {
         global $translator;
diff --git a/phpunit/src/InheritanceErrorTest.php b/phpunit/src/InheritanceErrorTest.php
index 5d1852b0..59c07e14 100644
--- a/phpunit/src/InheritanceErrorTest.php
+++ b/phpunit/src/InheritanceErrorTest.php
@@ -316,4 +316,23 @@ class InheritanceErrorTest extends TestCase
     {
         $this->exec('must be compatible', 'abstract_method_signature_mismatch.php');
     }
+
+    public function testTraitMethodMustBeCompatibleWithParent()
+    {
+        // A trait method flattened into a class must remain signature-compatible
+        // with any same-named parent method, just like a directly-declared
+        // override. Without this check the incompatibility only surfaces as a
+        // runtime fatal error that the compiled binary would otherwise ignore.
+        $this->exec('must be compatible', 'trait-method-override-incompatible.php');
+    }
+
+    public function testTraitMethodCannotOverrideFinalParentMethod()
+    {
+        $this->exec('Cannot override final method', 'trait-method-override-final.php');
+    }
+
+    public function testTraitParentCallRequiresParentClass()
+    {
+        $this->exec('has no parent', 'trait-parent-without-parent.php');
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Entity/ArgInfo.php b/src/Entity/ArgInfo.php
index a7bac66c..76f3926f 100644
--- a/src/Entity/ArgInfo.php
+++ b/src/Entity/ArgInfo.php
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ class ArgInfo
     public ?Expr $defaultValue = null;
     public string $class = '';
 
+    /**
+     * Late-bound type keyword: 'self', 'static' or 'parent'.
+     * Empty for ordinary class-name parameter types. When set, the effective
+     * class depends on the consuming context (e.g. a trait method's `self`
+     * parameter resolves to the class that uses the trait).
+     */
+    public string $typeKeyword = '';
+
     /**
      * Object type declared in the PHP signature, including interfaces.
      * Unlike $class, this is only an assignment/type-check constraint and must
diff --git a/src/Entity/FunctionDef.php b/src/Entity/FunctionDef.php
index b4ec6058..0f37718c 100644
--- a/src/Entity/FunctionDef.php
+++ b/src/Entity/FunctionDef.php
@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ class FunctionDef
      */
     public string $returnClass = '';
 
+    /**
+     * Late-bound return type keyword: 'self', 'static' or 'parent'.
+     * Empty for ordinary class-name return types. When set, the effective class
+     * depends on the consuming context (e.g. a trait method's `self` resolves to
+     * the class that uses the trait), so it must be re-resolved when the method
+     * is flattened into a class.
+     */
+    public string $returnTypeKeyword = '';
+
     /** Same format as ArgInfo::$typeCheck. Null means no runtime return type check. */
     public ?array $returnTypeCheck = null;
 
diff --git a/src/Entity/MethodDef.php b/src/Entity/MethodDef.php
index 41bbecba..3973e385 100644
--- a/src/Entity/MethodDef.php
+++ b/src/Entity/MethodDef.php
@@ -15,6 +15,22 @@ class MethodDef
     public ?FunctionDef $functionDef = null;
     public bool $hasDynamicCall = false;
 
+    /**
+     * The original `ClassMethod` AST node this definition was parsed from.
+     * Stored so that later validation (e.g. trait method override compatibility
+     * checks performed at the `use` site) can report accurate line information.
+     */
+    public ?\PhpParser\Node\Stmt\ClassMethod $node = null;
+
+    /**
+     * For methods defined inside a trait, records `parent::method()` calls so
+     * the compiler can validate their visibility against the parent of each
+     * class that uses the trait (the trait itself has no parent at compile time).
+     *
+     * @var array<int, array{method: string, node: \PhpParser\NodeAbstract}>
+     */
+    public array $parentMethodCalls = [];
+
     public function __construct(int $flags, string $name)
     {
         $this->flags = $flags;
diff --git a/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php b/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
index 79431f24..826516eb 100644
--- a/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
+++ b/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
@@ -348,7 +348,8 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
         string $funcName = '',
         string $className = '',
         bool $separateNamedArgs = true,
-        bool $forceArrayArgs = false
+        bool $forceArrayArgs = false,
+        bool $preserveExistingReferences = false
     ): string
     {
         $list_args = [];
@@ -390,7 +391,8 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
                     $this->fatalError($arg, "Duplicate named argument `{$arg->name->name}`");
                 }
                 $namedArgs[$arg->name->name] = true;
-                $byRef = $funcName && $this->isReferenceNamedArgument($funcName, $className, $arg->name->name);
+                $byRef = ($funcName && $this->isReferenceNamedArgument($funcName, $className, $arg->name->name))
+                    || ($preserveExistingReferences && $this->isExistingReferenceCallArg($arg));
                 $value = ($byRef || $this->isRefvalCall($arg->value) || $this->isToRefCall($arg->value))
                     ? $this->parseReferenceCallArgValue($arg)
                     : $this->parseCallArgValue($arg);
@@ -409,7 +411,8 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
             if ($hasUnpack) {
                 $this->fatalError($arg, 'Cannot use positional argument after argument unpacking');
             }
-            $byRef = $funcName && $this->isReferenceArgument($funcName, $className, $i);
+            $byRef = ($funcName && $this->isReferenceArgument($funcName, $className, $i))
+                || ($preserveExistingReferences && $this->isExistingReferenceCallArg($arg));
             if (($funcName === 'call_user_func' || $funcName === 'call_user_func_array') && $i === 0) {
                 $callback = $this->parseScopedCallbackArg($arg);
                 if ($callback !== null) {
@@ -499,6 +502,15 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
         return $namedArgsVar !== null ? $callArgs . ', ' . $namedArgsVar . '.array()' : $callArgs;
     }
 
+    private function isExistingReferenceCallArg(Node\Arg $arg): bool
+    {
+        if (!$this->isVarExpr($arg->value)) {
+            return $this->isReferenceWrapperCall($arg->value);
+        }
+        $name = $this->parseIdentifier($arg->value);
+        return $this->hasVar($name) && $this->getVarType($name) === Type::REF;
+    }
+
     protected function parseScopedCallbackArg(Node\Arg $arg): ?string
     {
         $value = $arg->value;
@@ -716,6 +728,8 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
         if (!$this->hasVar($name)) {
             // 若参数是引用类型，可以传入未定义变量，将立即创建变量作为引用
             $this->addLocalVar($name, Type::REF);
+        } elseif ($this->getVarType($name) === Type::REF) {
+            return '&' . $name;
         } else {
             // 本地变量，且是原生类型，则转为普通变量
             if ($this->hasLocalVar($name) and $this->isNativeType($this->getVarType($name))) {
@@ -788,4 +802,3 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
     }
 
 }
-
diff --git a/src/Parser/MethodCallTrait.php b/src/Parser/MethodCallTrait.php
index 8b86e45c..6ede7f2c 100644
--- a/src/Parser/MethodCallTrait.php
+++ b/src/Parser/MethodCallTrait.php
@@ -243,6 +243,33 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
 
     protected function parseParentMethodCall(Expr\StaticCall $expr): string
     {
+        // A trait's parent scope is supplied by the wrapper generated for the
+        // class that composes it. It must not be derived from the runtime
+        // object's class: an inherited trait method is still lexically bound to
+        // the parent of the composing class, not to the runtime object's parent.
+        if ($this->classDef !== null && $this->classDef->trait !== null) {
+            $method = $this->isIdExpr($expr->name) ? $this->parseIdentifier($expr->name) : '';
+            // Record the parent:: call so it can be validated against the parent
+            // of every class that uses this trait (the trait itself has no parent
+            // at compile time). Dynamic method names cannot be validated statically.
+            if ($method !== '' && isset($this->methodDef)) {
+                $this->methodDef->parentMethodCalls[] = ['method' => $method, 'node' => $expr];
+            }
+            $methodPtr = 'php::getMethod(trait_parent_ce, ' . $this->identifierToStr($expr->name) . ')';
+            if (empty($expr->args)) {
+                return 'this_.call(' . $methodPtr . ')';
+            }
+            // The concrete parent signature is only known at each trait use
+            // site. Preserve arguments that are already references so forwarding
+            // a by-reference trait parameter does not silently drop its alias.
+            return 'this_.call(' . $methodPtr . ', ' . $this->parseCallArgs(
+                $expr->args,
+                $method,
+                '',
+                preserveExistingReferences: true
+            ) . ')';
+        }
+
         if (!$this->classDef->extends) {
             $this->fatalError($expr, 'Cannot call parent method because class `' . $this->classDef->name . '` does not extend any class');
         }
@@ -250,6 +277,11 @@ trait MethodCallTrait
         if ($this->isIdExpr($expr->name)) {
             $method = $this->parseIdentifier($expr->name);
             $this->guardAbstractMethod($parentClass, $method, $expr);
+            // A private parent method is not reachable via parent:: — PHP throws
+            // "Call to private method" at runtime, so report it at compile time.
+            if ($this->getMethodFlags($parentClass, $method) & Modifiers::PRIVATE) {
+                $this->fatalError($expr, "Cannot access private method `{$parentClass}::{$method}()` via parent::");
+            }
             $methodPtr = $this->getMethodPtr($parentClass, $method);
         } else {
             $method = '';
diff --git a/src/Preprocessor.php b/src/Preprocessor.php
index f2253b45..b65cea84 100644
--- a/src/Preprocessor.php
+++ b/src/Preprocessor.php
@@ -268,6 +268,16 @@ class Preprocessor extends CompilerBase
         if ($param->byRef) {
             return Type::REF;
         }
+        // Capture the late-bound parameter type keyword *before* resolveTypeDecl
+        // runs, because resolveTypeDecl mutates the `self`/`static`/`parent` node
+        // name to the declaring class when the method belongs to a trait.
+        $typeKeyword = '';
+        if ($param->type instanceof Node\Name) {
+            $ptLower = strtolower($param->type->toString());
+            if ($ptLower === 'self' || $ptLower === 'static' || $ptLower === 'parent') {
+                $typeKeyword = $ptLower;
+            }
+        }
         [$type, $class] = $this->resolveTypeDecl($param->type, self::DECL_TYPE_OF_PARAM);
         $argInfo->undeclared = $param->type === null;
         if (
@@ -284,6 +294,9 @@ class Preprocessor extends CompilerBase
         if ($class and !$this->hasInterface($class)) {
             $argInfo->class = $class;
         }
+        // Record late-bound parameter type keywords so they can be re-resolved
+        // to the consuming class when a trait method is flattened into a class.
+        $argInfo->typeKeyword = $typeKeyword;
         return $type;
     }
 
@@ -432,6 +445,16 @@ class Preprocessor extends CompilerBase
         }
 
         $fnName = $this->parseIdentifier($v->name);
+        // Capture the late-bound return type keyword *before* resolveTypeDecl runs,
+        // because resolveTypeDecl mutates the `self`/`static`/`parent` node name to
+        // the declaring class when the method belongs to a trait.
+        $returnTypeKeyword = '';
+        if ($v->returnType instanceof Node\Name) {
+            $rtLower = strtolower($v->returnType->toString());
+            if ($rtLower === 'self' || $rtLower === 'static' || $rtLower === 'parent') {
+                $returnTypeKeyword = $rtLower;
+            }
+        }
         [$returnType, $class] = $this->resolveTypeDecl($v->returnType, self::DECL_TYPE_OF_RETURN);
         // 构造、析构、克隆方法不能有返回值
         if ($this->method and in_array($this->method, ['__construct', '__destruct', '__clone'])) {
@@ -440,6 +463,9 @@ class Preprocessor extends CompilerBase
 
         $functionDef = new FunctionDef($fnName, $returnType, $this->namespace);
         $functionDef->returnClass = $class;
+        // Record late-bound return type keywords so they can be re-resolved to
+        // the consuming class when a trait method is flattened into a class.
+        $functionDef->returnTypeKeyword = $returnTypeKeyword;
         $functionDef->stub = $this->stubFile;
         $functionDef->returnTypeUndeclared = $v->returnType === null;
         $functionDef->returnsByRef = $v->byRef;
diff --git a/src/Translator.php b/src/Translator.php
index aa6e2eb7..1f15eca3 100644
--- a/src/Translator.php
+++ b/src/Translator.php
@@ -2354,6 +2354,13 @@ CODE;
                     if ($traitStmt instanceof Node\Stmt\ClassMethod) {
                         $methodName = strtolower($traitStmt->name->toString());
                         $fullMethodName = $this->getFullMethodName($traitFullName, $methodName);
+                        // A trait method's `self`/`static`/`parent` return and parameter
+                        // types refer to the class that uses the trait, not the trait
+                        // itself. Re-resolve them on the cloned AST so the generated
+                        // arginfo reflects the consuming class (PHP trait semantics) and
+                        // passes ZendVM's runtime signature-compatibility checks. The
+                        // alias clones below inherit this rewrite.
+                        $this->reresolveTraitMethodAstLateBoundTypes($classDef, $traitFullName, $traitStmt);
                         foreach ($classDef->traitAliases[$fullMethodName] ?? [] as $alias) {
                             $aliasName = strtolower($alias['newName']);
                             if ($aliasName === $methodName) {
@@ -2472,6 +2479,61 @@ CODE;
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Re-resolve a trait method's late-bound `self`/`static`/`parent` return and
+     * parameter types on the cloned AST that is being flattened into a class.
+     *
+     * `resolveTypeDecl()` mutates a trait method's `self`/`static`/`parent` type
+     * node to the trait's own name at parse time, so the cloned AST carries the
+     * trait name rather than the late-bound keyword. We instead rewrite those
+     * nodes to the consuming class (or its parent) using the keyword recorded on
+     * the trait method's FunctionDef, matching PHP's trait semantics. This keeps
+     * the generated arginfo correct for ZendVM's runtime compatibility checks.
+     */
+    private function reresolveTraitMethodAstLateBoundTypes(
+        ClassDef $usingClassDef,
+        string $traitFullName,
+        Node\Stmt\ClassMethod $methodStmt
+    ): void {
+        if (!$this->hasClass($traitFullName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        $traitDef = $this->getClass($traitFullName);
+        if (!$traitDef->hasMethod($methodStmt->name->toString())) {
+            return;
+        }
+        $fn = $traitDef->getMethod($methodStmt->name->toString())->functionDef;
+
+        if ($fn->returnTypeKeyword !== '' && $methodStmt->returnType instanceof Node\Name) {
+            if ($fn->returnTypeKeyword === 'static') {
+                // `static` remains late-bound in the composed method signature.
+                $methodStmt->returnType = new Node\Name('static');
+            } else {
+                $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $fn->returnTypeKeyword);
+                if ($resolved !== null) {
+                    $methodStmt->returnType = new Node\Name($resolved);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($fn->argInfoList as $i => $arg) {
+            if (
+                $arg->typeKeyword !== ''
+                && isset($methodStmt->params[$i])
+                && $methodStmt->params[$i]->type instanceof Node\Name
+            ) {
+                if ($arg->typeKeyword === 'static') {
+                    $methodStmt->params[$i]->type = new Node\Name('static');
+                } else {
+                    $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $arg->typeKeyword);
+                    if ($resolved !== null) {
+                        $methodStmt->params[$i]->type = new Node\Name($resolved);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Validate that two abstract trait methods have compatible signatures.
      * PHP allows multiple traits to declare the same abstract method as long
@@ -2671,7 +2733,12 @@ CODE;
         return $code;
     }
 
-    protected function genWrapperFunctionArgs(string $fn, FunctionDef $functionDef, string $displayName): string
+    protected function genWrapperFunctionArgs(
+        string $fn,
+        FunctionDef $functionDef,
+        string $displayName,
+        array $implicitMethodArgs = []
+    ): string
     {
         $cppCode = '';
         $callParams = '';
@@ -2720,7 +2787,8 @@ CODE;
         }
 
         if ($functionDef->method) {
-            $callParams = $functionDef->argInfoList ? 'this_, ' . rtrim($callParams, ',') : 'this_';
+            $methodArgs = implode(', ', array_merge(['this_'], $implicitMethodArgs));
+            $callParams = $functionDef->argInfoList ? $methodArgs . ', ' . rtrim($callParams, ',') : $methodArgs;
         } else {
             $callParams = $functionDef->argInfoList ? rtrim($callParams, ',') : '';
         }
@@ -2781,7 +2849,18 @@ CODE;
         $cppCode = 'ZEND_METHOD(' . $name . ', ' . $methodDef->name . '){' . PHP_EOL;
         $cppCode .= $this->getIndent() . Type::OBJECT . ' this_(&execute_data->This);' . PHP_EOL;
         $fn = self::PREFIX . $this->getNativeMethodName($classDef, $methodDef);
-        $cppCode .= $this->genWrapperFunctionArgs($fn, $methodDef->functionDef, $classDef->getNamespacedName(false) . '::' . $methodDef->name);
+        $implicitMethodArgs = [];
+        if ($classDef->trait !== null && $methodDef->parentMethodCalls) {
+            // Trait methods are not directly callable without a composing class,
+            // but keep the generated Zend wrapper well-formed.
+            $implicitMethodArgs[] = 'this_.parent_ce()';
+        }
+        $cppCode .= $this->genWrapperFunctionArgs(
+            $fn,
+            $methodDef->functionDef,
+            $classDef->getNamespacedName(false) . '::' . $methodDef->name,
+            $implicitMethodArgs
+        );
 
         return $cppCode;
     }
@@ -2978,6 +3057,9 @@ CODE;
         $functionDeclCode = $cppReturnType . ' ' . ($multiReturn ? $this->getMultiReturnImplName($name) : $nativeName) . '(';
         if ($this->class) {
             $functionDeclCode .= Type::OBJECT . ' &this_';
+            if ($this->classDef?->trait !== null && $this->methodDef?->parentMethodCalls) {
+                $functionDeclCode .= ', zend_class_entry *trait_parent_ce';
+            }
             if ($this->functionDef->params) {
                 $functionDeclCode .= ', ';
             }
@@ -3528,6 +3610,9 @@ CODE;
 
         if (!($flags & Modifiers::ABSTRACT)) {
             $this->methodDef = $this->classDef->getMethod($name);
+            // Keep the AST node so trait-composed methods can report accurate
+            // line numbers when validated for override compatibility later.
+            $this->methodDef->node = $v;
             // 预处理阶段没有父类的信息，只能在实现阶段检查
             $this->checkParentMethodCanBeOverridden($v, $name);
             $methodCodes[$name] = $this->parseFunction($v);
@@ -3638,10 +3723,40 @@ CODE;
         string $traitMethodName,
         string $classMethodName
     ): string {
+        // A trait method's `self`/`static`/`parent` return and parameter types
+        // refer to the class that uses the trait, not the trait itself. Re-resolve
+        // them to the consuming class so signature-compatibility checks (against
+        // parent classes and interfaces) and `detectClassOfExpr()` observe the
+        // correct type. The cloned FunctionDef keeps the trait's own native
+        // function untouched.
+        $this->reresolveTraitLateBoundTypes($classDef, $methodDef);
+
+        // Validate `parent::` calls emitted from this trait method against the
+        // parent of the class that is composing the trait. The trait itself has
+        // no parent at compile time, so this is the only place the parent class
+        // (and therefore the visibility of its methods) is known.
+        foreach ($methodDef->parentMethodCalls as $parentCall) {
+            $this->validateTraitParentCall($traitDef, $classDef, $parentCall['method'], $parentCall['node']);
+        }
+
+        // A trait method flattened into a class participates in the inheritance
+        // hierarchy: it must remain signature-compatible with any same-named
+        // parent method, exactly as a directly-declared override would. PHP
+        // enforces this at class declaration time ("Declaration of X::m() must
+        // be compatible with Y::m()"); without this check the incompatibility
+        // only surfaces as a runtime fatal error that the compiled binary would
+        // otherwise ignore and keep executing past.
+        $this->checkTraitMethodOverrideCompatibility($classDef, $methodDef, $classMethodName);
+
         $classDef->addMethod($methodDef);
         $traitMethodNativeName = $this->getNativeName($traitMethodName, $traitDef->namespace, $traitDef->name);
         $classMethodNativeName = $this->getNativeName($classMethodName, $classDef->namespace, $classDef->name);
         $argList = ['this_'];
+        if ($methodDef->parentMethodCalls) {
+            // Bind parent:: to the class that actually composes the trait. This
+            // remains correct when the generated wrapper is inherited further.
+            $argList[] = $this->getClassEntryPtr($classDef->extends);
+        }
         foreach ($methodDef->functionDef->argInfoList as $argInfo) {
             $argList[] = $argInfo->name;
         }
@@ -3671,6 +3786,185 @@ CODE;
         return $code;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Re-resolve a trait method's late-bound `self`/`static`/`parent` return and
+     * parameter types to the class that is composing the trait.
+     *
+     * In PHP, `self` (and `static`) inside a trait refers to the using class, and
+     * `parent` refers to the using class's parent. The compiler records these as
+     * the trait's own name at parse time, which is wrong once the method is
+     * flattened into a class: interface/trait `self` comparisons and
+     * `detectClassOfExpr()` would otherwise observe the trait name instead of the
+     * consuming class. We clone the FunctionDef so the trait's standalone native
+     * function keeps its original (trait-context) types.
+     */
+    private function reresolveTraitLateBoundTypes(ClassDef $usingClassDef, MethodDef $methodDef): void
+    {
+        $fn = $methodDef->functionDef;
+        $needsClone = false;
+
+        if ($fn->returnTypeKeyword !== '') {
+            $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $fn->returnTypeKeyword);
+            if ($resolved !== null && $resolved !== $fn->returnClass) {
+                $needsClone = true;
+            }
+        }
+        foreach ($fn->argInfoList as $arg) {
+            if ($arg->typeKeyword !== '') {
+                $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $arg->typeKeyword);
+                if ($resolved !== null && ($resolved !== $arg->class || $resolved !== $arg->declaredClass)) {
+                    $needsClone = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!$needsClone) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $newFn = clone $fn;
+        if ($fn->returnTypeKeyword !== '') {
+            $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $fn->returnTypeKeyword);
+            if ($resolved !== null && $resolved !== $newFn->returnClass) {
+                $newFn->returnClass = $resolved;
+            }
+        }
+        $newArgs = [];
+        foreach ($newFn->argInfoList as $arg) {
+            $newArg = clone $arg;
+            if ($newArg->typeKeyword !== '') {
+                $resolved = $this->resolveLateBoundClass($usingClassDef, $newArg->typeKeyword);
+                if ($resolved !== null) {
+                    if ($newArg->class !== '') {
+                        $newArg->class = $resolved;
+                    }
+                    if ($newArg->declaredClass !== '') {
+                        $newArg->declaredClass = $resolved;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            $newArgs[] = $newArg;
+        }
+        $newFn->argInfoList = $newArgs;
+        $methodDef->functionDef = $newFn;
+    }
+
+    private function resolveLateBoundClass(ClassDef $usingClassDef, string $keyword): ?string
+    {
+        if ($keyword === 'self') {
+            return $usingClassDef->getNamespacedName(false);
+        }
+        if ($keyword === 'parent') {
+            return $usingClassDef->extends !== '' ? $usingClassDef->extends : null;
+        }
+        // `static` is late-static-bound and resolved to the concrete class only at
+        // call time, so it must keep an empty class (matching a directly-declared
+        // `: static` method). Resolving it to the consuming class here would break
+        // interface/trait signature-compatibility checks, which compare the empty
+        // `static` class on both sides.
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate a `parent::method()` call recorded inside a trait method.
+     *
+     * The trait has no parent of its own, so the only point at which the parent
+     * class is known is when a class actually uses the trait. At that moment we
+     * can statically resolve the parent method and reject private methods, which
+     * PHP would otherwise only report as a runtime "Call to private method" error.
+     */
+    private function validateTraitParentCall(ClassDef $traitDef, ClassDef $usingClassDef, string $method, NodeAbstract $node): void
+    {
+        if (!$usingClassDef->extends) {
+            $this->fatalError(
+                $node,
+                "Cannot access parent when class `{$usingClassDef->getNamespacedName(false)}` has no parent"
+            );
+        }
+        $parentClass = $usingClassDef->extends;
+        // Internal / not-compiled parents are opaque to the compiler; let the
+        // runtime enforce visibility for those.
+        if (!$this->hasClass($parentClass)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if ($this->getMethodFlags($parentClass, $method) & Modifiers::PRIVATE) {
+            $this->fatalError(
+                $node,
+                "Cannot access private method `{$parentClass}::{$method}()` via parent:: in trait `{$traitDef->name}`"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate that a trait method being flattened into a class remains
+     * signature-compatible with any same-named method declared up the parent
+     * chain — the same compatibility contract a directly-declared override must
+     * satisfy (see `checkParentMethodCanBeOverridden`).
+     *
+     * Only the signature contract is enforced here (not the "cannot override
+     * private/final" rule), because a trait method is flattened into the class
+     * and, like a normal subclass method, is allowed to shadow a private parent
+     * method. PHP reports the incompatibility as a class-declaration fatal error
+     * ("Declaration of X::m() must be compatible with Y::m()"), which we surface
+     * at compile time so the broken program is rejected instead of being emitted
+     * and executed past a runtime fatal error.
+     */
+    private function checkTraitMethodOverrideCompatibility(ClassDef $usingClassDef, MethodDef $methodDef, string $methodName): void
+    {
+        if ($methodName === '__construct' || $methodDef->node === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        $classDef = $usingClassDef;
+        while (true) {
+            $extends = $classDef->extends;
+            if (!$extends) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if ($classDef->inheritedFromInternalClass) {
+                $modifiers = Reflection::getClassMethodModifiers($extends, $methodName);
+                if ($modifiers !== null && ($modifiers & \ReflectionMethod::IS_FINAL)) {
+                    $this->fatalError($methodDef->node, "Cannot override final method `{$extends}::{$methodName}()`");
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            // Dynamically supplied parents are opaque to the compiler.
+            if (!$this->hasClass($extends)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            $classDef = $this->getClass($extends);
+            if ($classDef->hasMethod($methodName)) {
+                $parentMethodDef = $classDef->getMethod($methodName);
+                // A private method is a separate slot and may be shadowed by the
+                // method imported from the trait.
+                if ($parentMethodDef->flags & Modifiers::PRIVATE) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if ($parentMethodDef->flags & Modifiers::FINAL) {
+                    $this->fatalError($methodDef->node, "Cannot override final method `{$extends}::{$methodName}()`");
+                }
+                $this->validateMethodOverrideSignature(
+                    $methodDef->node,
+                    $methodName,
+                    $methodDef,
+                    $parentMethodDef,
+                    $extends
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+            if ($classDef->hasAbstractMethod($methodName) && isset($classDef->abstractMethodDefs[strtolower($methodName)])) {
+                $this->validateMethodOverrideSignature(
+                    $methodDef->node,
+                    $methodName,
+                    $methodDef,
+                    $classDef->getAbstractMethod($methodName),
+                    $extends
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private function isCompatibleTraitConstant(ConstantDef $existing, ConstantDef $incoming): bool
     {
         return $existing->flags === $incoming->flags &&
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-parent-return.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-parent-return.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1a9c8b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-parent-return.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait method with `parent` return type flattened into a subclass
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+class Base
+{
+}
+
+trait TestTrait
+{
+    public function who(): parent
+    {
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
+
+class Child extends Base
+{
+    use TestTrait;
+}
+
+function main()
+{
+    $c = new Child;
+    // The trait method's `parent` resolves to the consuming class's parent (Base).
+    $r = $c->who();
+    var_dump($r instanceof Child);
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+bool(true)
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-self-return-interface.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-self-return-interface.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96545bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-self-return-interface.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait method with `self` return type flattened into a class that implements an interface declaring `self` return
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+interface TestInterface
+{
+    public function test(): self;
+}
+
+trait TestTrait
+{
+    public function test(): self
+    {
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
+
+class TestClass implements TestInterface
+{
+    use TestTrait;
+}
+
+function main()
+{
+    $test = new TestClass;
+    // The trait method's `self` resolves to the consuming class (TestClass),
+    // which must be compatible with the interface's `self` (TestInterface).
+    $result = $test->test();
+    var_dump($result instanceof TestClass);
+    var_dump($result === $test);
+    var_dump($result instanceof TestInterface);
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+bool(true)
+bool(true)
+bool(true)
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-static-return-interface.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-static-return-interface.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9084c93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-method-static-return-interface.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait method with `static` return type flattened into a class that implements an interface declaring `static` return
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+interface TestInterface
+{
+    public function make(): static;
+}
+
+trait TestTrait
+{
+    public function make(): static
+    {
+        return new static;
+    }
+}
+
+class TestClass implements TestInterface
+{
+    use TestTrait;
+}
+
+function main()
+{
+    $a = new TestClass;
+    $b = $a->make();
+    // `static` is late-static-bound to the consuming class (TestClass).
+    var_dump($b instanceof TestClass);
+    var_dump($b !== $a);
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+bool(true)
+bool(true)
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-constructor.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-constructor.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..941968a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-constructor.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait constructor calling parent::__construct of the composing class
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+trait TestTrait
+{
+    public function __construct(int $value)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($value, true);
+    }
+}
+
+class ParentClass
+{
+    public function __construct(int $value, bool $bool)
+    {
+        var_dump($value, $bool);
+    }
+}
+
+class TestClass extends ParentClass
+{
+    use TestTrait;
+}
+
+function main()
+{
+    new TestClass(123);
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+int(123)
+bool(true)
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-inherited.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-inherited.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6f5a752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-inherited.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait parent:: call remains bound to the composing class when inherited
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+trait ParentCallTrait
+{
+    public function source(): string
+    {
+        return parent::source();
+    }
+}
+
+class RootClass
+{
+    public function source(): string
+    {
+        return 'root';
+    }
+}
+
+class TraitUser extends RootClass
+{
+    use ParentCallTrait;
+}
+
+class ChildClass extends TraitUser
+{
+}
+
+class OtherRootClass
+{
+    public function source(): string
+    {
+        return 'other';
+    }
+}
+
+class OtherTraitUser extends OtherRootClass
+{
+    use ParentCallTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    var_dump((new ChildClass())->source());
+    var_dump((new OtherTraitUser())->source());
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(4) "root"
+string(5) "other"
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-protected.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-protected.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..661ab30c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-protected.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait method calling protected parent::method() of the composing class
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+trait GreetTrait
+{
+    public function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return parent::greet($name) . ' [via trait]';
+    }
+}
+
+class BaseGreeter
+{
+    protected function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return 'Hello ' . $name;
+    }
+}
+
+class ChildGreeter extends BaseGreeter
+{
+    use GreetTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $g = new ChildGreeter();
+    var_dump($g->greet('World'));
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(23) "Hello World [via trait]"
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-reference.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-reference.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e72026d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method-reference.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait parent:: call forwards an existing reference parameter
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+trait ParentReferenceTrait
+{
+    public function update(string &$value): void
+    {
+        parent::update($value);
+    }
+}
+
+class ReferenceParent
+{
+    public function update(string &$value): void
+    {
+        $value = 'updated';
+    }
+}
+
+class ReferenceChild extends ReferenceParent
+{
+    use ParentReferenceTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $value = 'initial';
+    $child = new ReferenceChild();
+    $child->update($value);
+    var_dump($value);
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(7) "updated"
diff --git a/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method.phpt b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method.phpt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02e4839b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/trait/trait-parent-method.phpt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+--TEST--
+Trait method calling parent::method() of the composing class
+--FILE--
+<?php
+
+trait GreetTrait
+{
+    public function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return parent::greet($name) . ' [via trait]';
+    }
+}
+
+class BaseGreeter
+{
+    public function greet(string $name): string
+    {
+        return 'Hello ' . $name;
+    }
+}
+
+class ChildGreeter extends BaseGreeter
+{
+    use GreetTrait;
+}
+
+function main(): void
+{
+    $g = new ChildGreeter();
+    var_dump($g->greet('World'));
+}
+?>
+--EXPECT--
+string(23) "Hello World [via trait]"