diff --git a/.github/patches/phpx-windows-mpdecimal-target.patch b/.github/patches/phpx-windows-mpdecimal-target.patch
deleted file mode 100644
index 853cfe23..00000000
--- a/.github/patches/phpx-windows-mpdecimal-target.patch
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
-index 897706d..b4d85ec 100644
---- a/CMakeLists.txt
-+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
-@@ -355,14 +355,6 @@ if (IS_WINDOWS)
-         INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${PHP_SDK_DIR}/include;${MPDECIMAL_DIR}/libmpdec++"
-     )
- 
--    # 复制 DLL 到输出目录
--    file(GLOB MPDEC_DLLS "${PHP_LIBRARY_DIR}/libmpdec-4.0.1.dll" "${PHP_LIBRARY_DIR}/libmpdec++-4.0.1.dll")
--    foreach(_dll ${MPDEC_DLLS})
--        add_custom_command(TARGET phpx POST_BUILD
--            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different "${_dll}" $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:phpx>
--            COMMENT "Copying ${_dll} to output"
--        )
--    endforeach()
- else()
-     # Linux/macOS: 内置编译 mpdecimal + libmpdec++
-     message(STATUS "Using bundled mpdecimal with uint128")
-@@ -419,6 +411,16 @@ set_target_properties(phpx PROPERTIES
-     CLEAN_DIRECT_OUTPUT 1
- )
- 
-+if (IS_WINDOWS)
-+    # Register post-build commands only after the phpx target exists.
-+    file(GLOB MPDEC_DLLS "${PHP_LIBRARY_DIR}/libmpdec-4.0.1.dll" "${PHP_LIBRARY_DIR}/libmpdec++-4.0.1.dll")
-+    foreach(_dll ${MPDEC_DLLS})
-+        add_custom_command(TARGET phpx POST_BUILD
-+            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different "${_dll}" $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:phpx>
-+            COMMENT "Copying ${_dll} to output")
-+    endforeach()
-+endif()
-+
- if (IS_WINDOWS)
-     target_link_libraries(phpx PRIVATE
-         ${PHP_LIBRARY}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml b/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
index 490306fa..f15ef9ba 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   build-tpc:
-    name: tpc.exe (PHP ${{ matrix.php }})
+    name: tpc.exe (PHP ${{ matrix.php }} ${{ matrix.thread_safety }})
     runs-on: windows-2022
     timeout-minutes: 90
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         php: ["8.4", "8.5"]
+        thread_safety: [nts, zts]
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout TypePHP
@@ -38,36 +39,72 @@ jobs:
           tools: composer:v2
         env:
           fail-fast: true
-          phpts: nts
+          phpts: ${{ matrix.thread_safety == 'zts' && 'ts' || 'nts' }}
           update: true
 
-      - name: Install matching PHP development SDK
+      - name: Resolve PHP build environment
+        id: php-build-env
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
           $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 
           $phpVersion = php -r 'echo PHP_VERSION;'
+          $threadSafety = php -r 'echo PHP_ZTS ? "zts" : "nts";'
+          if ($threadSafety -ne '${{ matrix.thread_safety }}') {
+              throw "setup-php installed $threadSafety PHP, expected ${{ matrix.thread_safety }}"
+          }
           $phpExe = (Get-Command php).Source
           $phpHome = Split-Path -Parent $phpExe
-          $archiveName = "php-devel-pack-$phpVersion-nts-Win32-vs17-x64.zip"
+          $threadSuffix = if ($threadSafety -eq 'nts') { '-nts' } else { '' }
+          $archiveName = "php-devel-pack-$phpVersion$threadSuffix-Win32-vs17-x64.zip"
           $archive = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP $archiveName
+
+          "PHP_VERSION=$phpVersion" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "PHP_THREAD_SAFETY=$threadSafety" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "PHP_HOME=$phpHome" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "PHPX_HOME=${{ github.workspace }}\vendor\swoole\phpx" |
+              Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "PHP_DEVEL_ARCHIVE=$archive" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "version=$phpVersion" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_OUTPUT -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "thread_safety=$threadSafety" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_OUTPUT -Append -Encoding utf8
+          "archive=$archive" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_OUTPUT -Append -Encoding utf8
+
+      - name: Cache PHP development package
+        id: cache-php-devel
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.php-build-env.outputs.archive }}
+          key: windows-2022-php-devel-${{ steps.php-build-env.outputs.version }}-${{ steps.php-build-env.outputs.thread_safety }}-vs17-x64
+
+      - name: Install matching PHP development SDK
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+
+          $phpVersion = $env:PHP_VERSION
+          $phpHome = $env:PHP_HOME
+          $threadSafety = $env:PHP_THREAD_SAFETY
+          $archive = $env:PHP_DEVEL_ARCHIVE
+          $archiveName = Split-Path -Leaf $archive
           $extractDir = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP "php-devel-$phpVersion"
-          $downloaded = $false
 
-          foreach ($baseUrl in @(
-              'https://downloads.php.net/~windows/releases',
-              'https://downloads.php.net/~windows/releases/archives'
-          )) {
-              try {
-                  Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "$baseUrl/$archiveName" -OutFile $archive
-                  $downloaded = $true
-                  break
-              } catch {
-                  Remove-Item $archive -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+          if (-not (Test-Path $archive)) {
+              $downloaded = $false
+              foreach ($baseUrl in @(
+                  'https://downloads.php.net/~windows/releases',
+                  'https://downloads.php.net/~windows/releases/archives'
+              )) {
+                  try {
+                      Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "$baseUrl/$archiveName" -OutFile $archive
+                      $downloaded = $true
+                      break
+                  } catch {
+                      Remove-Item $archive -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+                  }
+              }
+              if (-not $downloaded) {
+                  throw "Unable to download the PHP $phpVersion NTS development pack"
               }
-          }
-          if (-not $downloaded) {
-              throw "Unable to download the PHP $phpVersion NTS development pack"
           }
 
           Expand-Archive -Path $archive -DestinationPath $extractDir -Force
@@ -91,6 +128,9 @@ jobs:
           }
           Copy-Item $embedLibrary $sdkLib -Force
 
+          $coreLibrary = if ($threadSafety -eq 'zts') { 'php8ts.lib' } else { 'php8.lib' }
+          $runtimeLibrary = if ($threadSafety -eq 'zts') { 'php8ts.dll' } else { 'php8.dll' }
+
           # Temporary compatibility fix for PHP packages predating php/php-src#22940.
           $hashHeader = Join-Path $sdkInclude 'ext\hash\php_hash.h'
           $hashSource = [IO.File]::ReadAllText($hashHeader)
@@ -109,33 +149,72 @@ jobs:
 
           foreach ($required in @(
               (Join-Path $sdkInclude 'main\php.h'),
-              (Join-Path $sdkLib 'php8.lib'),
+              (Join-Path $sdkLib $coreLibrary),
               (Join-Path $sdkLib 'php8embed.lib'),
-              (Join-Path $phpHome 'php8.dll')
+              (Join-Path $phpHome $runtimeLibrary)
           )) {
               if (-not (Test-Path $required)) {
                   throw "Required PHP SDK file is missing: $required"
               }
           }
 
-          "PHP_HOME=$phpHome" | Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
-          "PHPX_HOME=${{ github.workspace }}\vendor\swoole\phpx" |
-              Out-File $env:GITHUB_ENV -Append -Encoding utf8
           Write-Host "Using PHP $phpVersion from $phpHome"
 
+      - name: Save PHP development package
+        if: steps.cache-php-devel.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.php-build-env.outputs.archive }}
+          key: ${{ steps.cache-php-devel.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
+
       - name: Install Composer dependencies
         run: composer install --prefer-dist --no-progress
 
       - name: Patch PHPX Windows CMake target ordering
         shell: pwsh
-        run: git apply --directory=vendor/swoole/phpx .github/patches/phpx-windows-mpdecimal-target.patch
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+
+          $cmakeFile = Join-Path $env:PHPX_HOME 'CMakeLists.txt'
+          $source = [IO.File]::ReadAllText($cmakeFile).Replace("`r`n", "`n")
+          $copyBlockPattern = '(?ms)^    # 复制 DLL 到输出目录\n    file\(GLOB MPDEC_DLLS .*?^    endforeach\(\)\n'
+          $copyBlock = [regex]::Match($source, $copyBlockPattern)
+          if (-not $copyBlock.Success) {
+              throw 'Unable to locate the pre-target PHPX mpdecimal copy block'
+          }
+          $source = $source.Remove($copyBlock.Index, $copyBlock.Length)
+
+          $targetPattern = '(?ms)(add_library\(phpx SHARED \$\{SRC_FILES\}\)\nset_target_properties\(phpx PROPERTIES\n    CLEAN_DIRECT_OUTPUT 1\n\)\n)'
+          $target = [regex]::Match($source, $targetPattern)
+          if (-not $target.Success) {
+              throw 'Unable to locate the PHPX target declaration'
+          }
+
+          $copyBlockText = $copyBlock.Value.Replace('    # 复制 DLL 到输出目录', '    # Copy mpdecimal DLLs after the phpx target exists.')
+          $guardedCopyBlock = "`nif (IS_WINDOWS)`n$copyBlockText" + "endif()`n"
+          $source = $source.Insert($target.Index + $target.Length, $guardedCopyBlock)
+          [IO.File]::WriteAllText($cmakeFile, $source, [Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
+
+          $targetOffset = $source.IndexOf('add_library(phpx SHARED')
+          $copyOffset = $source.IndexOf('add_custom_command(TARGET phpx POST_BUILD')
+          if ($targetOffset -lt 0 -or $copyOffset -le $targetOffset) {
+              throw 'PHPX post-build command still precedes its target declaration'
+          }
 
       - name: Configure MSVC
         uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
         with:
           arch: x64
 
+      - name: Cache GMP and MPFR
+        id: cache-gmp-mpfr
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}\typephp-cache\vcpkg-x64-windows
+          key: windows-2022-msvc-vcpkg-gmp-mpfr-x64-v1
+
       - name: Install GMP and MPFR
+        if: steps.cache-gmp-mpfr.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
           $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
@@ -148,30 +227,83 @@ jobs:
           }
 
           $installed = Join-Path $env:VCPKG_INSTALLATION_ROOT "installed\$triplet"
-          $sdkInclude = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\include'
-          $sdkLib = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\lib'
-          Copy-Item (Join-Path $installed 'include\*') $sdkInclude -Recurse -Force
+          $cache = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'typephp-cache\vcpkg-x64-windows'
+          New-Item "$cache\include", "$cache\lib", "$cache\bin" -ItemType Directory -Force |
+              Out-Null
+          Copy-Item (Join-Path $installed 'include\*') "$cache\include" -Recurse -Force
 
           foreach ($library in @('gmp.lib', 'gmpxx.lib', 'mpfr.lib')) {
               $source = Join-Path $installed "lib\$library"
               if (-not (Test-Path $source)) {
                   throw "vcpkg did not install $library"
               }
+              Copy-Item $source "$cache\lib" -Force
+          }
+          Copy-Item (Join-Path $installed 'bin\*.dll') "$cache\bin" -Force
+
+      - name: Save GMP and MPFR
+        if: steps.cache-gmp-mpfr.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}\typephp-cache\vcpkg-x64-windows
+          key: ${{ steps.cache-gmp-mpfr.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
+
+      - name: Stage GMP and MPFR
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+
+          $cache = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'typephp-cache\vcpkg-x64-windows'
+          $sdkInclude = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\include'
+          $sdkLib = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\lib'
+          Copy-Item "$cache\include\*" $sdkInclude -Recurse -Force
+
+          foreach ($library in @('gmp.lib', 'gmpxx.lib', 'mpfr.lib')) {
+              $source = Join-Path $cache "lib\$library"
+              if (-not (Test-Path $source)) {
+                  throw "The dependency cache does not contain $library"
+              }
               Copy-Item $source $sdkLib -Force
           }
-          Copy-Item (Join-Path $installed 'bin\*.dll') $env:PHP_HOME -Force
+          Copy-Item "$cache\bin\*.dll" $env:PHP_HOME -Force
+
+      - name: Cache mpdecimal
+        id: cache-mpdecimal
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.PHPX_HOME }}\thirdparty\mpdecimal\vcbuild\dist64
+          key: windows-2022-msvc-mpdecimal-x64-${{ hashFiles('vendor/swoole/phpx/thirdparty/mpdecimal/**') }}
 
       - name: Build mpdecimal
+        if: steps.cache-mpdecimal.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         shell: pwsh
         run: |
           $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 
           $buildScript = Join-Path $env:PHPX_HOME 'thirdparty\mpdecimal\vcbuild\vcbuild64.bat'
-          & cmd.exe /d /s /c "`"$buildScript`""
-          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
-              throw "mpdecimal build failed with exit code $LASTEXITCODE"
+          $buildDirectory = Split-Path -Parent $buildScript
+          Push-Location $buildDirectory
+          try {
+              & cmd.exe /d /s /c vcbuild64.bat
+              if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
+                  throw "mpdecimal build failed with exit code $LASTEXITCODE"
+              }
+          } finally {
+              Pop-Location
           }
 
+      - name: Save mpdecimal
+        if: steps.cache-mpdecimal.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.PHPX_HOME }}\thirdparty\mpdecimal\vcbuild\dist64
+          key: ${{ steps.cache-mpdecimal.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
+
+      - name: Stage mpdecimal
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+
           $dist = Join-Path $env:PHPX_HOME 'thirdparty\mpdecimal\vcbuild\dist64'
           $sdkInclude = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\include'
           $sdkLib = Join-Path $env:PHP_HOME 'SDK\lib'
@@ -224,10 +356,58 @@ jobs:
               throw 'The compiler did not produce tpc.exe'
           }
 
-      - name: Upload tpc.exe
+      - name: Run Windows smoke tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+
+          $env:PATH = "$env:PHPX_HOME\build;$env:PATH"
+          & .\tpc.exe tests\windows\smoke\project.yml --job 1 --no-progress
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
+              throw "Windows smoke project compilation failed with exit code $LASTEXITCODE"
+          }
+
+          $smokeExe = Join-Path '${{ github.workspace }}' 'tests\windows\smoke\windows_smoke.exe'
+          if (-not (Test-Path $smokeExe)) {
+              throw "Windows smoke executable was not generated: $smokeExe"
+          }
+
+          $processInfo = [Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo]::new()
+          $processInfo.FileName = $smokeExe
+          $processInfo.ArgumentList.Add('${{ matrix.thread_safety }}')
+          $processInfo.UseShellExecute = $false
+          $processInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = $true
+          $processInfo.RedirectStandardError = $true
+
+          $process = [Diagnostics.Process]::new()
+          $process.StartInfo = $processInfo
+          if (-not $process.Start()) {
+              throw 'Unable to start the Windows smoke executable'
+          }
+          $stdout = $process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd()
+          $stderr = $process.StandardError.ReadToEnd()
+          $process.WaitForExit()
+
+          Write-Host "Windows smoke stdout: $stdout"
+          Write-Host "Windows smoke stderr: $stderr"
+          Write-Host "Windows smoke exit code: $($process.ExitCode)"
+          if ($process.ExitCode -ne 0) {
+              throw "Windows smoke executable failed with exit code $($process.ExitCode)"
+          }
+          if ($stdout.Trim() -ne 'windows-smoke-ok:${{ matrix.thread_safety }}') {
+              throw "Unexpected Windows smoke output: $stdout"
+          }
+
+      - name: Upload Windows build outputs
+        if: always()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: tpc-windows-x64-php-${{ matrix.php }}
-          if-no-files-found: error
+          name: tpc-windows-x64-php-${{ matrix.php }}-${{ matrix.thread_safety }}
+          if-no-files-found: warn
           retention-days: 7
-          path: tpc.exe
+          path: |
+            tpc.exe
+            tests/windows/smoke/windows_smoke.exe
+            tests/windows/smoke/build/**/*.cc
+            tests/windows/smoke/build/**/*.h
+            tests/windows/smoke/build/**/*.rsp
diff --git a/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.cc b/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a922dd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <phpx.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+using namespace php;
+
+Int php_windows_current_process_id()
+{
+    return static_cast<Int>(GetCurrentProcessId());
+}
+
+Bool php_windows_has_module_handle()
+{
+    return GetModuleHandleW(nullptr) != nullptr;
+}
+
+Int php_windows_logical_processor_count()
+{
+    SYSTEM_INFO info{};
+    GetNativeSystemInfo(&info);
+    return static_cast<Int>(info.dwNumberOfProcessors);
+}
+
+Bool php_windows_php_is_zts()
+{
+#ifdef ZTS
+    return true;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.stub.php b/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.stub.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe203479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/windows/smoke/cpp-src/winapi.stub.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+/** Windows API smoke-test declarations implemented by winapi.cc. */
+function windows_current_process_id(): int {}
+
+function windows_has_module_handle(): bool {}
+
+function windows_logical_processor_count(): int {}
+
+function windows_php_is_zts(): bool {}
diff --git a/tests/windows/smoke/main.php b/tests/windows/smoke/main.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d513e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/windows/smoke/main.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+function requireWindowsCondition(bool $condition, string $message): void
+{
+    if (!$condition) {
+        throw new RuntimeException($message);
+    }
+}
+
+function main(int $argc, array $argv): void
+{
+    requireWindowsCondition($argc === 2, 'Expected the thread-safety mode argument');
+
+    $expectedZts = $argv[1] === 'zts';
+    requireWindowsCondition(PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows', 'Expected PHP_OS_FAMILY=Windows');
+    requireWindowsCondition(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\', 'Expected the Windows directory separator');
+    // PHP exposes PHP_ZTS as either an integer-like or boolean-like constant,
+    // depending on how the runtime constants were imported. Test its meaning,
+    // rather than its representation.
+    $runtimeZts = PHP_ZTS !== 0 && PHP_ZTS !== false;
+    requireWindowsCondition($runtimeZts === $expectedZts, 'PHP_ZTS does not match the CI matrix');
+    requireWindowsCondition(windows_php_is_zts() === $expectedZts, 'The native ZTS macro does not match PHP_ZTS');
+    requireWindowsCondition(windows_current_process_id() > 0, 'GetCurrentProcessId() failed');
+    requireWindowsCondition(windows_has_module_handle(), 'GetModuleHandleW() failed');
+    requireWindowsCondition(windows_logical_processor_count() > 0, 'GetNativeSystemInfo() returned no processors');
+
+    $path = sys_get_temp_dir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
+        . 'typephp-windows-smoke-' . windows_current_process_id() . '.txt';
+    requireWindowsCondition(file_put_contents($path, 'windows-file-api') === 16, 'Windows file write failed');
+    requireWindowsCondition(file_get_contents($path) === 'windows-file-api', 'Windows file read failed');
+    requireWindowsCondition(unlink($path), 'Windows file cleanup failed');
+
+    echo 'windows-smoke-ok:', $expectedZts ? 'zts' : 'nts';
+}
diff --git a/tests/windows/smoke/project.yml b/tests/windows/smoke/project.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a22a6bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/windows/smoke/project.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+name: windows-smoke
+mode: bin
+build-dir: build
+output: windows_smoke
+cxx-std: c++17
+
+sources:
+  - main.php
+  - cpp-src