perf(kernel): increase memory allocation and update syscall interface

- Increased ATA cache capacity from 16384 to 65536 sectors for 32 MiB direct-mapped cache
- Expanded bootstrap stack from 16 KiB to 256 KiB with proper headroom for identity-map tables
- Updated userspace syscall interface from int 0x80 to native x86-64 SYSCALL instruction
- Raised QEMU memory allocation from 160M to 512M for improved runtime performance
- Increased kernel reserved memory from 40 MiB to 64 MiB with updated linker script assertion
- Added fixed-console ioctl(TIOCGWINSZ) support for VGA dimension reporting
- Enhanced ATA

examples/typephp-os/Makefile

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ $(KERNEL): payload
 		$(BOOTSTRAP_OBJECT) $(PAYLOAD_OBJECT)
 
 run: all
-	qemu-system-x86_64 -m 160M -kernel $(KERNEL) \
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -m 512M -kernel $(KERNEL) \
 		-drive file=$(DISK),format=raw,if=ide,index=0 \
 		-display none -serial stdio -monitor none -no-reboot -no-shutdown
 

examples/typephp-os/README.md

@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ To build and audit the restricted hosted Toybox applet set, run
 `make thirdparty-smoke`. This is an integration audit, not part of the boot
 image.
 
-The Makefile compiles the startup sources under `boot/` directly. The 32-bit
+The Makefile compiles the startup sources under `boot/` directly. Its 256 KiB
+early kernel stack is kept separate from the adjacent identity-map tables. The 32-bit
 Multiboot bootstrap cannot participate in the 64-bit payload link; the 64-bit
 entry object is injected into tpc's final link through the generic `objects`
 setting. The Makefile also builds the
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ the payload linked at 2 MiB.
 To invoke QEMU manually:
 
 ```shell
-qemu-system-x86_64 -m 160M \
+qemu-system-x86_64 -m 512M \
   -kernel examples/typephp-os/build/typephp-os.elf \
   -drive file=examples/typephp-os/build/typephp-os.img,format=raw,if=ide,index=0 \
   -display none -serial stdio -monitor none -no-reboot -no-shutdown
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ The QEMU smoke test currently verifies:
 - RTC-derived UTC time exposed to userspace through `time()`;
 - Linux-compatible `uname(2)` shared by the `uname` command and PHP's
   `php_uname()` implementation;
-- ATA PIO sector I/O, a fixed 128-sector LRU read/write-through cache, and a
+- ATA PIO sector I/O, a 32 MiB direct-mapped read/write-through cache, and a
   TypePHP FAT16 implementation with DOS 8.3 files, nested traversal and
   mutation, including automatic directory-chain growth;
 - PHP's unchanged plain file stream and `php_stat()` paths, including
@@ -184,16 +185,20 @@ The QEMU smoke test currently verifies:
 - user-mode file creation, reading, writing, seeking, closing, removal, and
   nested directory creation/removal through the TypePHP FAT16 implementation.
 
-The 64-bit payload currently occupies about 7 MiB. The first 40 MiB is kept
-away from both allocators for the kernel payload, bootstrap state, and early
-host arena. Userspace has a separate 0x40000000–0x50000000 virtual region.
+The loadable 64-bit payload is followed by a large zero-filled block cache in
+kernel BSS. The first 64 MiB is kept away from both allocators for the kernel
+payload, cache, bootstrap state, and early host arena. Userspace has a separate
+0x40000000–0x50000000 virtual region.
 Entire Zend chunks are not yet returned to the physical-page pool.
 
 The current filesystem deliberately supports only DOS 8.3 names. Reading,
 directory enumeration, `stat`, executable loading, and file/directory mutation
 traverse nested FAT16 directory chains. Full directories grow by linking a new
-cluster. The current ATA cache is deliberately small, synchronous, and
-write-through; it is not yet a general virtual-filesystem page cache. Rename
+cluster. The current ATA cache is synchronous and write-through. Its 65,536
+direct-mapped sector entries cover the complete current 32 MiB disk image, so
+repeated Nano ELF loads no longer return to ATA PIO. It is still a block cache,
+not a general virtual-filesystem page cache, and every Nano process still
+performs its own runtime initialization. Rename
 currently stays within one parent directory; cross-directory rename,
 replacement semantics, long filenames, timestamps, permissions, and a general
 block-device layer remain future work.
@@ -203,23 +208,26 @@ APIs that execute host commands remain unavailable.
 ## Single-task userspace
 
 After the TypePHP self-check, the kernel opens `/BIN/SH.ELF` from FAT16,
-validates and loads its `PT_LOAD` segments, installs a 64-bit TSS and an IDT
-gate, and enters Ring 3 with `iretq`. The resident shell and each transient
+validates and loads its `PT_LOAD` segments, installs a 64-bit TSS, IDT and
+`SYSCALL` MSRs, and enters Ring 3 with `iretq`. The resident shell and each transient
 command receive an independent CR3. Their 1–1.25 GiB virtual window is composed
 from recyclable 4 KiB pages; the shared identity-mapped kernel remains
 supervisor-only. The CPU has write protection and no-execute enabled, and the
 loader applies the final ELF `PF_W` and `PF_X` permissions after copying each
 segment.
-An `int 0x80` boundary currently provides synchronous `read`, `write`, `close`,
+The native x86-64 `SYSCALL` boundary provides synchronous `read`, `write`, `close`,
 `lseek`, `openat`, `exit`/`exit_group`, `getcwd`, `chdir`, `mkdir`, `rmdir`,
 `unlink`, file stat/access/persistence/truncation families, fixed identity
 queries, `time`, `gettimeofday`, `clock_gettime`, `clock_getres`, `brk`,
 anonymous private `mmap`, `mprotect`, `munmap`, `getdents64`, the initial
-`fcntl` flag operations, and private
+`fcntl` flag operations, fixed-console `ioctl(TIOCGWINSZ)`, and private
 spawn and same-directory rename operations. The former private directory-list
 syscall has been removed; `ls` and PHP Nano use the standard directory ABI. Standard
 input and output are backed by QEMU's COM1 serial console. Syscall numbers are
 shared by the kernel and userspace through `typephp_os_syscall.h`.
+Entry immediately switches from the untrusted user RSP to a dedicated kernel
+stack. Return uses `iretq`, allowing synchronous spawn/exit to replace the
+complete saved user context.
 
 Userspace programs now expose standard C `main(argc, argv)` functions. A shared
 `crt0.S` consumes a Linux-style initial stack containing `argc`, `argv`, an

examples/typephp-os/ROADMAP.md

@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ behavior.
    directory/stat operations, and PHP's local file stream API. DOS 8.3 path
    lookup, file reads, directory enumeration, file/directory mutation, and
    same-parent rename traverse nested cluster chains. Directories grow by
-   allocating and linking additional clusters. A fixed 128-sector LRU
-   read/write-through cache now avoids repeated ATA PIO reads while preserving
+   allocating and linking additional clusters. A 32 MiB direct-mapped
+   read/write-through cache covers the current disk image while preserving
    synchronous persistence. A general VFS page cache, cross-directory rename,
    replacement semantics, and long filenames are next.
 6. **Single-task userspace — fifth slice complete.** Disk-backed ELF64
    validation/loading from FAT16,
    GDT/TSS, Ring-3 entry, synchronous
-   `int 0x80` system calls, COM1 standard I/O, saved parent context, shared
+   native x86-64 `SYSCALL` entry, COM1 standard I/O, saved parent context, shared
    syscall definitions, complete `argv[]`
    delivery, and independent freestanding C shell/command programs. The first
    Linux-compatible file syscalls cover `openat`, `read`, `write`, `lseek`,
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ behavior.
    C++ ABI, and math support is compiled once into `libtypephp-os.a`; both the
    C commands and multiple tpc projects link the same platform archive.
    Unavailable ABI functions remain explicit panic stubs.
+   Fixed-console `ioctl(TIOCGWINSZ)` reports the VGA dimensions while other
+   terminal requests return `ENOTTY`; a complete termios subsystem is not implied.
    Selected upstream LLVM compiler-rt builtins now provide 128-bit integer
    helper symbols. A five-applet Toybox build is pinned as a porting probe but
    does not yet replace the working userspace commands.

examples/typephp-os/boot/boot.S

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ pd_table:
 
 .align 16
 stack_bottom:
-.skip 16384
+/* PHP Nano and the TypePHP startup self-check use more than the original
+ * 16 KiB bootstrap stack before Ring-3 is entered. Keep enough headroom that
+ * downward growth cannot overwrite the adjacent identity-map page tables. */
+.skip 262144
 stack_top:
 
 .section .text

examples/typephp-os/boot/kernel64.ld

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ SECTIONS
         __bss_end = .;
     }
 
-    ASSERT(__bss_end <= 16M, "64-bit kernel exceeds its reserved boot memory")
+    ASSERT(__bss_end <= 64M, "64-bit kernel exceeds its reserved boot memory")
 
     /DISCARD/ :
     {

examples/typephp-os/kernel/core/ata.c

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ enum {
     ATA_COMMAND_CACHE_FLUSH = 0xe7,
     ATA_SECTOR_SIZE = 512,
     ATA_TIMEOUT = 10000000,
-    /* TNHELLO.ELF is currently about 5 MiB. A power-of-two 8 MiB cache keeps
-     * one complete image resident so a second launch avoids ATA PIO, while a
-     * direct mapping keeps every sector lookup O(1). */
-    ATA_CACHE_CAPACITY = 16384,
+    /* QEMU uses a 32 MiB FAT16 image. One direct-mapped entry per image
+     * sector turns the current disk into an effective whole-device cache;
+     * larger future disks remain correct and use the same O(1) mapping. */
+    ATA_CACHE_CAPACITY = 65536,
     PCI_CONFIG_ADDRESS = 0xcf8,
     PCI_CONFIG_DATA = 0xcfc,
 };

examples/typephp-os/kernel/core/memory.c

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ static const uint64_t PAGE_SIZE = 4096ul;
 /* Keep the payload, bootstrap data, and early host arena away from the two
  * physical allocators. User programs occupy a separate high virtual region
  * in their own CR3, so they no longer overlap this identity-mapped range. */
-static const uint64_t KERNEL_RESERVED_END = 40ul * 1024ul * 1024ul;
+static const uint64_t KERNEL_RESERVED_END = 64ul * 1024ul * 1024ul;
 static const uint64_t IDENTITY_MAP_END = 1024ul * 1024ul * 1024ul;
 
 typedef struct __attribute__((packed)) {

examples/typephp-os/tools/test-qemu.sh

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ trap 'rm -f "${qemu_disk}"' EXIT
 cp "${disk}" "${qemu_disk}"
 
 if timeout 35 qemu-system-x86_64 \
-        -m 160M \
+        -m 512M \
         -kernel "${kernel}" \
         -drive file="${qemu_disk}",format=raw,if=ide,index=0 \
         -display none \
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@ if grep -q 'unsupported TypePHP-OS user ABI' "${log}"; then
     echo "the Nano smoke program reached an unsupported userspace ABI" >&2
     exit 1
 fi
+if grep -q 'general protection (#13)' "${log}"; then
+    echo "a userspace command caused an unexpected general-protection fault" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
 grep -q '^sh: missing: No such file or directory' "${log}"
 grep -q '^sh: bad: Exec format error' "${log}"
 grep -q '^/BIN' "${log}"

examples/typephp-os/user/README.md

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ The following rules are normative for this directory:
 6. New kernel services should first consider the remaining interfaces needed
    by a static libc and PHP Nano: memory mapping, files and directories,
    clocks, TLS, and single-task lifecycle. Socket support remains out of
-   scope. `ioctl` and `termios` are also intentionally deferred; basic console
-   `read`/`write` is the supported terminal contract.
+   scope. The fixed console supports `ioctl(TIOCGWINSZ)`; a complete termios
+   subsystem remains intentionally deferred.
 7. Freestanding test programs remain hosted-libc-free only as a bootstrap
    constraint; it is not the final userspace programming model. C and TypePHP
    programs must link the same `libtypephp-os.a` platform runtime instead of
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The current shared userspace runtime provides `syscall`, `read`, `write`, `opena
 `getpid`, `getppid`, `gettid`, the root UID/GID queries, `brk`, `sbrk`, `mmap`,
 `mprotect`, `munmap`, `opendir`, `fdopendir`, `readdir`, `rewinddir`,
 `closedir`, `dirfd`, the `F_GETFD`/`F_SETFD`/`F_GETFL`/`F_SETFL` subset of
-`fcntl`, `strlen`, `strerror`, `perror`, and `_exit` with
+`fcntl`, fixed-console `ioctl(TIOCGWINSZ)`, `strlen`, `strerror`, `perror`, and `_exit` with
 libc-compatible C signatures. Directory streams are backed by Linux x86-64
 `getdents64`; no TypePHP-OS-private directory syscall is exposed. It also
 translates kernel `-errno` results into `-1` plus the single-task userspace
@@ -93,10 +93,11 @@ and confines the resident shell and transient command to separate page tables,
 even when they use overlapping virtual addresses. Adding a compatible command
 file does not require relinking the kernel.
 
-The current `int 0x80` entry is transitional. Before linking an ordinary
-x86-64 glibc build, the kernel must also accept the `syscall` instruction with
-the Linux register convention (`rax`, `rdi`, `rsi`, `rdx`, `r10`, `r8`, `r9`),
-negative errno returns, and the expected `rcx`/`r11` clobbers.
+Userspace enters the kernel with the x86-64 `SYSCALL` instruction and Linux
+register convention (`rax`, `rdi`, `rsi`, `rdx`, `r10`, `r8`, `r9`). Kernel
+entry switches to a dedicated stack, returns negative errno values, and
+preserves the standard `rcx`/`r11` clobber contract. Return currently uses
+`iretq` because synchronous spawn/exit may replace the complete saved context.
 
 Using unmodified upstream glibc will require substantially more than matching
 syscall numbers. The kernel must eventually provide the expected ELF process

examples/typephp-os/user/runtime/crt0.S

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ _start:
     mov %eax, %edi
     # Linux x86-64 exit_group(2); TypePHP-OS keeps the same number and ABI.
     mov $231, %eax
-    int $0x80
+    syscall
     ud2
 .size _start, . - _start
 

examples/typephp-os/user/runtime/host.cc

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace {
 
 /* Zend MM acquires aligned 2 MiB chunks while PHPX's native object GC also
  * keeps process-lifetime metadata. A 48 MiB arena leaves enough headroom for
- * the complete Nano module startup in the current 160 MiB QEMU machine. */
+ * the complete Nano module startup in the current 512 MiB QEMU machine. */
 constexpr std::uintptr_t arena_size = 48u * 1024u * 1024u;
 
 [[noreturn]] void raw_exit(int status)