diff --git a/phpunit/code/any-reference-capture.php b/phpunit/code/any-reference-capture.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d09cd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/any-reference-capture.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+function anyReferenceCapture(): void
+{
+    $changed = std::any(false);
+    $set = static function () use (&$changed): void {
+        $changed = true;
+    };
+    $set();
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/foreach-key-any-reuse.php b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-any-reuse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff56169b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-any-reuse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+function foreachKeyAnyReuse(array $values): void
+{
+    $index = std::any(100);
+    foreach ($values as $index => $value) {
+        var_dump($value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/foreach-key-native-reuse.php b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-native-reuse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57057355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-native-reuse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php
+
+function foreachKeyNativeReuse(array $values): void
+{
+    $index = 100;
+    foreach ($values as $index => $value) {
+        var_dump($value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/foreach-key-varint-reuse.php b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-varint-reuse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba0c8fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/foreach-key-varint-reuse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+use varint_types;
+
+function foreachKeyVarIntReuse(array $values): void
+{
+    $index = 100;
+    foreach ($values as $index => $value) {
+        var_dump($value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/native-destructuring-reuse.php b/phpunit/code/native-destructuring-reuse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0310ed63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/native-destructuring-reuse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+class NativeDestructuringBox
+{
+    public int $value = 0;
+}
+
+function nativeDestructuringReuse(array $values): void
+{
+    $index = 100;
+    [$index] = $values;
+
+    $box = new NativeDestructuringBox();
+    [$box->value] = $values;
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/code/native-scalar-reference-capture.php b/phpunit/code/native-scalar-reference-capture.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..516a5f62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit/code/native-scalar-reference-capture.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+function nativeScalarReferenceCapture(): void
+{
+    $changed = false;
+    $set = static function () use (&$changed): void {
+        $changed = true;
+    };
+    $set();
+}
diff --git a/phpunit/src/VarIntTypesTest.php b/phpunit/src/VarIntTypesTest.php
index f8334457..c321f1a9 100644
--- a/phpunit/src/VarIntTypesTest.php
+++ b/phpunit/src/VarIntTypesTest.php
@@ -46,6 +46,66 @@ final class VarIntTypesTest extends BaseTest
         self::assertStringNotContainsString('php::Var integer = 42L;', $defaultCode);
     }
 
+    public function testNativeIntegerCannotBeReusedAsForeachKey(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(TestError::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage(
+            'Cannot assign value to variable $index of type php::Int with type php::Var',
+        );
+
+        $this->compileSource(
+            $this->createCompiler(),
+            TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/foreach-key-native-reuse.php',
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testVarIntAndExplicitAnyCanBeReusedAsForeachKeys(): void
+    {
+        foreach (['foreach-key-varint-reuse.php', 'foreach-key-any-reuse.php'] as $file) {
+            $code = $this->compileSource(
+                $this->createCompiler(),
+                TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/' . $file,
+            );
+            self::assertStringContainsString('php::Var index', $code);
+            self::assertStringNotContainsString('php::Int index', $code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testNativeScalarCannotBePromotedForReferenceCapture(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(TestError::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage(
+            'Cannot create a reference to native variable of type php::Bool; initialize it with std::any()',
+        );
+
+        $this->compileSource(
+            $this->createCompiler(),
+            TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/native-scalar-reference-capture.php',
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testExplicitAnySupportsReferenceCapture(): void
+    {
+        $code = $this->compileSource(
+            $this->createCompiler(),
+            TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/any-reference-capture.php',
+        );
+        self::assertStringContainsString('php::Var changed', $code);
+        self::assertStringContainsString('changed.toReference()', $code);
+    }
+
+    public function testDestructuringKeepsNativeTargetsAndConvertsDynamicItems(): void
+    {
+        $code = $this->compileSource(
+            $this->createCompiler(),
+            TYPEPHP_ROOT_PATH . '/phpunit/code/native-destructuring-reuse.php',
+        );
+
+        self::assertStringContainsString('php::Int index', $code);
+        self::assertMatchesRegularExpression('/index = php::toInt\([^;]+\.item\(0L?/', $code);
+        self::assertStringContainsString('php::toInt(', $code);
+    }
+
     private function createCompiler(): CompilerTest
     {
         global $translator;
diff --git a/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php b/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
index f960e6f6..16476ae4 100644
--- a/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
+++ b/src/Generator/CallArgumentGenerator.php
@@ -150,28 +150,28 @@ trait CallArgumentGenerator
         // Evaluate every supplied argument in PHP source order. The resulting
         // expressions/temporaries may then be rearranged safely for the native
         // C++ ABI without changing observable call order.
-        foreach ($sourceArgs as $sourceIndex => [$argIndex, $variadicName, $arg]) {
+        foreach ($sourceArgs as $sourceIndex => [$sourceArgIndex, $variadicName, $arg]) {
             if ($sourceIndex < $lastHoistingSourceIndex
                 && $arg instanceof Node\Arg
                 && !$arg->unpack
                 && $this->isSnapshotableVariableRead($arg->value)
             ) {
-                $paramInfo = $argIndex === $variadicArgIndex
+                $paramInfo = $sourceArgIndex === $variadicArgIndex
                     ? $functionDef->argInfoList[$variadicArgIndex]
-                    : $this->getArgInfo($arg, $nativeFunc, $argIndex);
+                    : $this->getArgInfo($arg, $nativeFunc, $sourceArgIndex);
                 if ($paramInfo !== null && !$paramInfo->byRef) {
                     $snapshot = $this->parseOrderedOperand($arg->value, false, true);
                     $arg = clone $arg;
                     $arg->value = new Expr\Variable($snapshot, $arg->value->getAttributes());
                 }
             }
-            if ($argIndex !== $variadicArgIndex) {
-                $argInfo = $this->getArgInfo($arg, $nativeFunc, $argIndex);
-                $resolvedArgs[$argIndex] = $this->getTypeConvertedArg(
+            if ($sourceArgIndex !== $variadicArgIndex) {
+                $argInfo = $this->getArgInfo($arg, $nativeFunc, $sourceArgIndex);
+                $resolvedArgs[$sourceArgIndex] = $this->getTypeConvertedArg(
                     $arg,
                     $argInfo,
                     $callableName,
-                    $argIndex
+                    $sourceArgIndex
                 );
                 continue;
             }
diff --git a/src/Generator/ClosureGenerator.php b/src/Generator/ClosureGenerator.php
index 8492b555..3940d994 100644
--- a/src/Generator/ClosureGenerator.php
+++ b/src/Generator/ClosureGenerator.php
@@ -291,6 +291,11 @@ trait ClosureGenerator
         $this->context->inClosure = false;
         $code .= '};' . PHP_EOL;
 
+        // Capture expressions belong to the enclosing function. Restore its
+        // type table before validating references; the closure body registers
+        // every captured value as php::Var and must not hide a native outer
+        // variable that cannot legally acquire reference semantics.
+        $this->context = $oriContext;
         $useVars = [];
         if ($uses) {
             foreach ($uses as $useItem) {
@@ -313,7 +318,6 @@ trait ClosureGenerator
             }
         }
 
-        $this->context = $oriContext;
         $this->context->beforeStmtLines[] = $code;
 
         // Even a static closure inherits the outer called scope for late
diff --git a/src/Optimizer/SsaTypeOptimizer.php b/src/Optimizer/SsaTypeOptimizer.php
index 758af384..75895b7b 100644
--- a/src/Optimizer/SsaTypeOptimizer.php
+++ b/src/Optimizer/SsaTypeOptimizer.php
@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ trait SsaTypeOptimizer
                 if (!$target instanceof Node) {
                     continue;
                 }
+                if ($target instanceof Node\Expr\Variable && is_string($target->name)) {
+                    $foreachTargets[$target->name] = true;
+                }
                 foreach ($nodeFinder->findInstanceOf($target, Node\Expr\Variable::class) as $variable) {
                     if (is_string($variable->name)) {
                         $foreachTargets[$variable->name] = true;
diff --git a/src/Parser/AssignOpTrait.php b/src/Parser/AssignOpTrait.php
index 08358029..a8a0673d 100644
--- a/src/Parser/AssignOpTrait.php
+++ b/src/Parser/AssignOpTrait.php
@@ -287,20 +287,24 @@ trait AssignOpTrait
                 continue;
             }
             if ($item instanceof ArrayItem) {
-                $key = $item->key ? $this->parseArrayKey($item->key, true) : (string) $k;
+                $key = $item->key ?? new Node\Scalar\Int_($k, $item->getAttributes());
+                $itemExpr = new Expr\ArrayDimFetch(
+                    new Variable($tmpVar, $item->getAttributes()),
+                    $key,
+                    $item->getAttributes(),
+                );
                 if ($item->value instanceof Expr\List_) {
-                    $nestedTmp = $this->genTmpVarName();
-                    $this->addLocalVar($nestedTmp, Type::ARRAY);
-                    $code .= $this->getIndent() . "{$nestedTmp} = {$tmpVar}.item({$key});" . PHP_EOL;
                     $code .= $this->getIndent()
-                        . $this->parseAssignToList($item->value, new Variable($nestedTmp))
+                        . $this->parseAssignToList($item->value, $itemExpr)
                         . PHP_EOL;
                 } else {
-                    $var = $this->parseWritableIdentifier($item->value);
-                    if ($this->isVarExpr($item->value) and !$this->hasVar($var)) {
-                        $this->addLocalVar($var, Type::VAR);
-                    }
-                    $code .= $this->getIndent() . "{$var} = {$tmpVar}.item({$key});" . PHP_EOL;
+                    // Route every destructuring target through the normal
+                    // assignment pipeline. Existing native locals remain
+                    // native and receive the usual scalar conversion, while
+                    // typed properties retain their runtime type checks.
+                    $code .= $this->getIndent()
+                        . $this->parseAssignFinally($item->value, $itemExpr)
+                        . ';' . PHP_EOL;
                 }
             } else {
                 $this->unsupportedSyntax($item);
@@ -715,7 +719,6 @@ trait AssignOpTrait
             // assignment may not execute on every path.
             $this->markNativeObjectNonNull($var);
         }
-        $leftExprType = $this->detectTypeOfExpr($left);
         $rightExprType = $this->detectTypeOfExpr($right);
         if ($propertyWriteTarget !== null && ($propertyDef = $this->getNativePropertyDef($left)) !== null) {
             $effectiveRightType = $rightExprType === Type::VAR && $this->getFixedPropertyTypeCheckHelper($propertyDef) !== null
@@ -725,7 +728,7 @@ trait AssignOpTrait
         }
         $assignedExpr = $finalVarType === Type::VAR
             ? $rightExpr
-            : $this->convertExprType($rightExpr, $leftExprType, $rightExprType);
+            : $this->convertExprType($rightExpr, $finalVarType, $rightExprType);
         if ($foldIntoDeclaration) {
             $this->context->localVarInitializers[$var] = $assignedExpr;
             return '';
diff --git a/src/Parser/ForeachTrait.php b/src/Parser/ForeachTrait.php
index 583515b9..a52d2ecc 100644
--- a/src/Parser/ForeachTrait.php
+++ b/src/Parser/ForeachTrait.php
@@ -101,13 +101,7 @@ trait ForeachTrait
             if (!$this->hasVar($valueVar)) {
                 $this->addLocalVar($valueVar, Type::REF);
             } elseif ($this->getVarType($valueVar) !== Type::REF && $this->getVarType($valueVar) !== Type::VAR) {
-                if ($this->hasLocalVar($valueVar) && !$this->hasArgument($valueVar)) {
-                    // Local declarations are emitted after the body is parsed, so a
-                    // previously optimized scalar can still be promoted to Variant.
-                    $this->context->localVars[$valueVar] = Type::VAR;
-                } else {
-                    $this->fatalError($node, 'Cannot bind foreach reference to native variable of type ' . $this->getVarType($valueVar));
-                }
+                $this->fatalError($node, 'Cannot bind foreach reference to native variable of type ' . $this->getVarType($valueVar));
             }
             return $this->getIndent() . $valueRefExpr . '(' . $valueVar . ');' . PHP_EOL;
         }
diff --git a/src/Parser/SwitchTrait.php b/src/Parser/SwitchTrait.php
index b851b54a..5e9829cf 100644
--- a/src/Parser/SwitchTrait.php
+++ b/src/Parser/SwitchTrait.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ trait SwitchTrait
             $hasDefault = false;
         }
 
-        foreach ($caseGroups as $target => [$conds]) {
+        foreach ($caseGroups as $groupIndex => [$conds]) {
             if (!empty($conds)) {
                 $groupMatched = $this->genTmpVarName();
                 $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'bool ' . $groupMatched . ' = false;' . PHP_EOL;
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ trait SwitchTrait
                 }
                 $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'if (' . $groupMatched . ') {' . PHP_EOL;
                 $code .= $this->getIndent() . $switchMatched . ' = true;' . PHP_EOL;
-                $code .= $this->getIndent() . $switchTarget . ' = ' . $target . ';' . PHP_EOL;
+                $code .= $this->getIndent() . $switchTarget . ' = ' . $groupIndex . ';' . PHP_EOL;
                 $code .= $this->getIndent() . '}' . PHP_EOL;
             }
         }
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ trait SwitchTrait
             $code .= $this->getIndent() . '}' . PHP_EOL;
         }
 
-        foreach ($caseGroups as $target => [, , $stmts]) {
-            $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'if (' . $switchTarget . ' == ' . $target . ') {' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($caseGroups as $groupIndex => [, , $stmts]) {
+            $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'if (' . $switchTarget . ' == ' . $groupIndex . ') {' . PHP_EOL;
             $this->indentLevel++;
             $code .= $this->parseStmts($stmts);
             $this->indentLevel--;
diff --git a/src/Parser/TypeConversionTrait.php b/src/Parser/TypeConversionTrait.php
index 5db48a9b..f61d2d0d 100644
--- a/src/Parser/TypeConversionTrait.php
+++ b/src/Parser/TypeConversionTrait.php
@@ -291,7 +291,11 @@ trait TypeConversionTrait
         }
         $var = $this->parseIdentifier($expr);
         if ($this->isVarExpr($expr) and $this->isNativeTypeVar($var)) {
-            $this->context->localVars[$var] = Type::VAR;
+            $this->fatalError(
+                $expr,
+                'Cannot create a reference to native variable of type ' . $this->getVarType($var)
+                    . '; initialize it with std::any() when reference semantics are required',
+            );
         }
         return $var . '.toReference()';
     }
diff --git a/src/gen_stub.php b/src/gen_stub.php
index a6acd681..4b16bb10 100755
--- a/src/gen_stub.php
+++ b/src/gen_stub.php
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace TypePhp\StubGenerator;
 
+// php-src's stub generator intentionally follows Zend PHP's dynamic integer
+// semantics and frequently reuses loop/index variables for array keys.
+use varint_types;
+
 use Closure;
 use DOMCdataSection;
 use DOMComment;
@@ -2632,13 +2636,18 @@ class EvaluatedValue
         $nodeTraverser->addVisitor($visitor);
         $expr = $nodeTraverser->traverse([$expr])[0];
 
-        $isUnknownConstValue = false;
+        // Keep mutable callback state in an object: TypePHP deliberately uses
+        // native storage for inferred bool locals, which cannot be captured by
+        // PHP reference. Object capture preserves identity in both Zend PHP and
+        // the self-hosted compiler without changing the evaluator's behavior.
+        $evaluationState = new \stdClass();
+        $evaluationState->isUnknownConstValue = false;
 
         $evaluator = null;
         $evaluator = new ConstExprEvaluator(
             static function (Expr $expr) use (
                 $allConstInfos,
-                &$isUnknownConstValue,
+                $evaluationState,
                 &$evaluator,
             ) {
                 // php-parser's ConstExprEvaluator predates PHP 8.5 constant
@@ -2687,7 +2696,7 @@ class EvaluatedValue
                 } else {
                     $constName = $expr->name->__toString();
                     if (strtolower($constName) === "unknown") {
-                        $isUnknownConstValue = true;
+                        $evaluationState->isUnknownConstValue = true;
                         return null;
                     }
                 }
@@ -2745,6 +2754,7 @@ class EvaluatedValue
         // emitted through its @cvalue macro. For a concrete null expression,
         // however, the zval must be initialized as null even when the declared
         // type is nullable (for example, `const ?int VALUE = null`).
+        $isUnknownConstValue = $evaluationState->isUnknownConstValue;
         $valueType = $result === null && !$isUnknownConstValue
             ? SimpleType::null()
             : ($constType ?? SimpleType::fromValue($result));