diff --git a/examples/error/scope.php b/examples/error/scope.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5bee072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/error/scope.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+class Foo {
+    private function bar() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function foo(array $list) {
+        foreach ($list as $o) {
+            if ($o->bar()) {
+                return $this;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/simple.php b/examples/simple.php
index 45d05158..ab330f01 100644
--- a/examples/simple.php
+++ b/examples/simple.php
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@
 function main() {
     $newArray = [];
     $newArray[] = 1;
-    $newArray[] += [1]; // This is different: it's adding to index 1
     var_dump($newArray); // [1, 1]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Php/Translator.php b/src/Php/Translator.php
index 69fc3137..d83f220d 100644
--- a/src/Php/Translator.php
+++ b/src/Php/Translator.php
@@ -335,7 +335,230 @@ class Translator extends Preprocessor
         $file = $this->getBuildDir() . '/extension-' . $this->getModuleName() . '.cc';
         $this->localHeaders = $this->argInfoHeaderFiles;
         $this->genClassCeList();
-        $code = $this->render('extension.cc.php');
+        $this->indentLevel++;
+
+        $code = $this->genIncludeHeaderFiles();
+
+        if ($this->buildMode === 'bin') {
+            $cliHeaders = [
+                '#include "ps_title.h"',
+                '#include "php_cli_process_title.h"',
+                '#include "php_cli_process_title_arginfo.h"',
+            ];
+            $code .= implode(PHP_EOL, $cliHeaders) . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= "// global vars \n";
+        foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type) {
+            $code .= self::TYPE_VAR . ' ' . $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) . ';' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= "// class register functions \n";
+        foreach ($this->classCeList as $ce) {
+            $code .= 'zend_class_entry *' . $ce . ';' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= "// class entry \n";
+        $code .= 'zend_class_entry *' . self::PREFIX . self::CLASS_MAP . '[' . count($this->classMap) . '];' . PHP_EOL;
+
+        $code .= "// func \n";
+        $code .= 'zend_function *' . self::PREFIX . self::FUNC_MAP . '[' . count($this->funcMap) . '];' . PHP_EOL;
+
+        $code .= "// property \n";
+        $code .= 'uint32_t ' . self::PREFIX . self::PROP_MAP . '[' . count($this->propMap) . '];' . PHP_EOL;
+
+        $code .= <<<'CODE'
+zend_class_entry *php_get_class(int class_id, const php::String &class_name) {
+    if (UNEXPECTED(php_class_map[class_id] == nullptr)) {
+        php_class_map[class_id] = php::getClassEntrySafe(class_name);
+    }
+    return php_class_map[class_id];
+}
+
+zend_function *php_get_func(int func_id, const php::String &func_name) {
+    if (UNEXPECTED(php_func_map[func_id] == nullptr)) {
+        php_func_map[func_id] = php::getFunction(func_name);
+    }
+    return php_func_map[func_id];
+}
+
+zend_function *php_get_method(int func_id, const php::Str &method_name, int class_id, const php::Str &class_name) {
+    if (UNEXPECTED(php_func_map[func_id] == nullptr)) {
+        auto ce = php_get_class(class_id, class_name);
+        php_func_map[func_id] = php::getMethod(ce, method_name);
+    }
+    return php_func_map[func_id];
+}
+
+uint32_t php_get_prop(int prop_id, const php::Str &prop_name, int class_id, const php::Str &class_name) {
+    if (UNEXPECTED(php_property_map[prop_id] == 0)) {
+        php_property_map[prop_id] = php::getPropertyOffset(class_name, prop_name) + 1024;
+    }
+    return php_property_map[prop_id] - 1024;
+}
+CODE;
+        $code .= "\n\n";
+
+        $code .= "// literal strings \n";
+        $code .= self::TYPE_STR . ' ' . self::LITERAL_STRINGS . '[] = {' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->literalStrings as $str => $index) {
+            $code .= self::TYPE_STR . '{ZEND_STRL("' . $this->escapeString($str) . '"), true}, // [' . $index . ']' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        $code .= '};' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+
+        $code .= "// constants \n";
+        foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const) {
+            $code .= $const->type . ' ' . $name . ";\n";
+        }
+
+        $code .= "// class \n";
+        foreach ($this->classes as $classDef) {
+            if ($classDef->requireCtor) {
+                $code .= 'static zend_object* (*create_object_' . $classDef->getNamespacedName() . ")(zend_class_entry *class_type);\n";
+            }
+            foreach ($classDef->constants as $constant) {
+                if ($constant->type === self::TYPE_ARRAY) {
+                    $constName = self::PREFIX . $this->getNativeName($constant->name, $classDef->namespace, $classDef->name);
+                    $code .= self::TYPE_VAR . ' ' . $constName . ";\n";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $code .= "// clang-format off\n";
+        $code .= "static const zend_function_entry ext_functions[] = {\n";
+        if ($this->buildMode === 'bin') {
+            $code .= $this->getIndent() . "PHP_FE(cli_set_process_title,        arginfo_cli_set_process_title)\n";
+            $code .= $this->getIndent() . "PHP_FE(cli_get_process_title,        arginfo_cli_get_process_title)\n";
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->functions as $functionDef) {
+            if ($this->buildMode === 'ext' and $functionDef->name === 'main') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ($functionDef->method) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $fullName = $functionDef->getNamespacedName();
+            $zifName = $this->escapeZendFnName($fullName);
+            if ($functionDef->namespace) {
+                $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'ZEND_NAMED_FE("' . $this->escapeString($fullName) . '", ZEND_FN(' . $zifName . '), arginfo_<?=' . $zifName . ')' . PHP_EOL;
+            } else {
+                $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'ZEND_FE(' . $zifName . ', arginfo_' . $zifName . ')' . PHP_EOL;
+            }
+        }
+        $code .= $this->getIndent() . "ZEND_FE_END\n};\n// clang-format on" . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+
+        // minit begin
+        $code .= 'PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(' . $this->getModuleName() . ') {' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= 'zend_try {' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= '// class/interface class entries' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= $this->genClassPropertyInit() . PHP_EOL;
+
+        $code .= '// register symbols' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->registerSymbols as $registerSymbolFn) {
+            $code .= $registerSymbolFn . '(module_number);' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        $code .= '} zend_end_try();' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= 'return SUCCESS;' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= '}' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+        // minit end
+
+        // php_app_init begin
+        $code .= 'void php_app_init() {' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= '// register constants' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const) {
+            $code .= "{$name} = {$const->value};\n";
+            $code .= 'php::define(' . $this->genCharPtr($const->name) . ', ' . $name . ');' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        $code .= '// global vars ' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type) {
+            $code .= 'php::initGlobal(' . $this->genCharPtr($name) . ', ' . $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) . ');' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= '// static property ' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->defaultStaticPropertyList as $prop) {
+            $code .= 'php::setStaticProperty(' . $this->genCharPtr($prop->class, true) . ', ' . $this->genCharPtr($prop->name) . ', ' . $prop->default . ');' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= '// class array constants' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= $this->genClassArrayConstants();
+        $code .= '}' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+        // php_app_init end
+
+        // php_app_clean begin
+        $code .= 'void php_app_clean() {' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type) {
+            $code .= $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) . '.unset();' . PHP_EOL;
+            $code .= 'php::unsetGlobal("' . $name . '");' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const) {
+            if ($const->type !== self::TYPE_VAR) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $code .= $name . '.unset();' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $code .= '// class array constants' . PHP_EOL;
+        foreach ($this->classes as $classDef) {
+            foreach ($classDef->constants as $constant) {
+                if ($constant->type === self::TYPE_ARRAY) {
+                    $constName = self::PREFIX . $this->getNativeName($constant->name, $classDef->namespace, $classDef->name);
+                    $code .= $constName . ".unset();\n";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        $code .= '}' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+        // php_app_clean end
+
+        $moduleName = $this->getModuleName();
+        // rinit begin
+        $code .= 'PHP_RINIT_FUNCTION(' . $moduleName . ') {' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= 'php::request_init();' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= 'php_app_init();' . PHP_EOL;
+
+        if ($this->buildMode === 'bin') {
+            if (count($this->functions['main']->argInfoList) == 2) {
+                $code .= 'php::eval("global $argc, $argv; main($argc, $argv);");' . PHP_EOL;
+            } else {
+                $code .= 'php::eval("main();");' . PHP_EOL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $code .= 'return SUCCESS;' . PHP_EOL;
+        $code .= '}' . PHP_EOL . PHP_EOL;
+        // rinit end
+
+        $code .= <<<CODE
+PHP_RSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION({$moduleName}) {
+    php_app_clean();
+    php::request_shutdown();
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+zend_module_entry {$moduleName}_module_entry = {
+    STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER,
+    "{$moduleName}",
+    ext_functions,
+    PHP_MINIT({$moduleName}),
+    nullptr,
+    PHP_RINIT({$moduleName}),
+    PHP_RSHUTDOWN({$moduleName}),
+    nullptr,
+    nullptr,
+    STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES,
+};
+CODE;
+
+        if ($this->buildMode === 'ext') {
+            $code .= "ZEND_GET_MODULE({$moduleName});\n";
+        } else {
+            $code .= 'zend_module_entry *' . self::PREFIX . 'embed_get_module() {' . PHP_EOL;
+            $code .= $this->getIndent() . 'return &' . $moduleName . '_module_entry;' . PHP_EOL;
+            $code .= '}' . PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $this->indentLevel--;
+
         $this->writeFile($file, $code);
         $this->formatCppCode($file);
         $this->localHeaders = [];
@@ -1535,14 +1758,6 @@ class Translator extends Preprocessor
         return $list;
     }
 
-    private function render(string $template): string
-    {
-        ob_start();
-        include __DIR__ . '/../template/' . $template;
-
-        return ob_get_clean();
-    }
-
     private function genFunctionWrapper(FunctionDef $functionDef): string
     {
         $name = $this->escapeZendFnName($functionDef->getNamespacedName());
diff --git a/src/gen_stub.php b/src/gen_stub.php
index f1bbc284..ef63c7d6 100755
--- a/src/gen_stub.php
+++ b/src/gen_stub.php
@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ class FuncInfo {
         return false;
     }
 
-    private function equalsApartFromNameAndRefcount(FuncInfo $other): bool {
+    public function equalsApartFromNameAndRefcount(FuncInfo $other): bool {
         if (count($this->args) !== count($other->args)) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -2202,6 +2202,7 @@ OUPUT_EXAMPLE
     /** @param FuncInfo[] $generatedFuncInfos */
     public function findEquivalent(array $generatedFuncInfos): ?FuncInfo {
         foreach ($generatedFuncInfos as $generatedFuncInfo) {
+            // TODO 从数组遍历元素，调用方法，在编译期无法获得元素的类型，因此判断作用域，必须为 public 方法
             if ($generatedFuncInfo->equalsApartFromNameAndRefcount($this)) {
                 return $generatedFuncInfo;
             }
diff --git a/src/template/extension.cc.php b/src/template/extension.cc.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 41781762..00000000
--- a/src/template/extension.cc.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,235 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/**
- * @var $this Translator
- */
-use PhpAot\Php\Translator;
-echo $this->genIncludeHeaderFiles();
-?>
-
-#include "ps_title.h"
-#include "php_cli_process_title.h"
-#include "php_cli_process_title_arginfo.h"
-
-// global vars
-<?php
-// 全局变量只能是 var 类型
-foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type):
-?>
-<?= Translator::TYPE_VAR ?>  <?= $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) ?>;
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-// class register functions
-<?php
-foreach ($this->classCeList as $ce):
-?>
-zend_class_entry * <?= $ce ?>;
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-// class entry
-zend_class_entry *<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::CLASS_MAP . '[' . count($this->classMap) . ']' ?>;
-
-// func
-zend_function *<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP . '[' . count($this->funcMap) . ']' ?>;
-
-// property
-uint32_t <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::PROP_MAP . '[' . count($this->propMap) . ']' ?>;
-
-zend_class_entry *php_get_class(int class_id, const php::String &class_name) {
-    if (UNEXPECTED(<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::CLASS_MAP ?>[class_id] == nullptr)) {
-        <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::CLASS_MAP ?>[class_id] = php::getClassEntrySafe(class_name);
-    }
-    return <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::CLASS_MAP ?>[class_id];
-}
-
-zend_function *php_get_func(int func_id, const php::String &func_name) {
-    if (UNEXPECTED(<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id] == nullptr)) {
-        <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id] = php::getFunction(func_name);
-    }
-    return <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id];
-}
-
-zend_function *php_get_method(int func_id, const php::Str &method_name, int class_id, const php::Str &class_name) {
-    if (UNEXPECTED(<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id] == nullptr)) {
-        auto ce = php_get_class(class_id, class_name);
-        <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id] = php::getMethod(ce, method_name);
-    }
-    return <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::FUNC_MAP ?>[func_id];
-}
-
-uint32_t php_get_prop(int prop_id, const php::Str &prop_name, int class_id, const php::Str &class_name) {
-    if (UNEXPECTED(<?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::PROP_MAP ?>[prop_id] == 0)) {
-        <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::PROP_MAP ?>[prop_id] = php::getPropertyOffset(class_name, prop_name) + 1024;
-    }
-    return <?= Translator::PREFIX . Translator::PROP_MAP ?>[prop_id] - 1024;
-}
-
-// literal strings
-php::Str <?=Translator::LITERAL_STRINGS?>[] = {
-<?php
-foreach ($this->literalStrings as $str => $index):
-?>
-    php::String{ZEND_STRL("<?=$this->escapeString($str)?>"), true}, // [<?=$index?>]
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-};
-
-// constants
-<?php
-foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const):
-?>
-<?=$const->type?> <?=$name?>;
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-    // class
-<?php
-foreach ($this->classes as $classDef) :
-    if ($classDef->requireCtor) {
-        echo "static zend_object* (*create_object_" . $classDef->getNamespacedName() . ")(zend_class_entry *class_type);";
-    }
-    foreach ($classDef->constants as $constant) :
-        if ($constant->type === Translator::TYPE_ARRAY) :
-            $constName = Translator::PREFIX . $this->getNativeName($constant->name, $classDef->namespace, $classDef->name);
-            echo Translator::TYPE_VAR . " " . $constName . ";\n";
-        endif;
-    endforeach;
-endforeach;
-?>
-
-// clang-format off
-static const zend_function_entry ext_functions[] = {
-    PHP_FE(cli_set_process_title,        arginfo_cli_set_process_title)
-    PHP_FE(cli_get_process_title,        arginfo_cli_get_process_title)
-<?php
-foreach ($this->functions as $functionDef):
-    if ($this->buildMode === 'ext' and $functionDef->name === 'main') {
-        continue;
-    }
-    if ($functionDef->method) {
-        continue;
-    }
-    $zif_name = $this->escapeZendFnName($functionDef->getNamespacedName());
-?>
-<?php if ($functionDef->namespace): ?>
-    ZEND_NAMED_FE("<?=$this->escapeString($functionDef->getNamespacedName())?>", ZEND_FN(<?= $zif_name ?>), arginfo_<?=$zif_name?>)
-<?php else: ?>
-    ZEND_FE(<?=$zif_name?>, arginfo_<?=$zif_name?>)
-<?php endif; ?>
-<?php endforeach;?>
-    ZEND_FE_END
-};
-// clang-format on
-
-PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>) {
-    zend_try {
-        // class/interface class entries
-        <?=$this->genClassPropertyInit()?>
-
-        // register symbols
-        <?php
-        foreach ($this->registerSymbols as $registerSymbolFn):
-            ?>
-            <?= $registerSymbolFn ?>(module_number);
-        <?php endforeach; ?>
-    } zend_end_try();
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-void php_app_init() {
-    // register constants
-<?php
-foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const):
-?>
-    <?=$name?> = <?= $const->value ?>;
-    php::define("<?=$this->escapeString($const->name)?>", <?= $name ?>);
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-    // global vars
-<?php
-foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type):
-?>
-    php::initGlobal("<?=$name?>", <?= $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) ?>);
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-    // static property
-<?php
-foreach ($this->defaultStaticPropertyList as $prop):
-?>
-    php::setStaticProperty(<?=$this->genCharPtr($prop->class, true)?>, <?=$this->genCharPtr($prop->name)?>, <?=$prop->default?>);
-<?php
-endforeach;
-?>
-
-    // class array constants
-    <?=$this->genClassArrayConstants();?>
-}
-
-void php_app_clean() {
-<?php
-foreach ($this->globalVars as $name => $type) :
-?>
-    <?= $this->escapeGlobalVar($name) ?>.unset();
-    php::unsetGlobal("<?=$name?>");
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-<?php
-foreach ($this->constants as $name => $const):
-    if ($const->type !== Translator::TYPE_VAR) {
-        continue;
-    }
-?>
-    <?= $name ?>.unset();
-<?php endforeach; ?>
-
-    // class array constants
-<?php
-foreach ($this->classes as $classDef) :
-    foreach ($classDef->constants as $constant) :
-        if ($constant->type === Translator::TYPE_ARRAY) :
-            $constName = Translator::PREFIX . $this->getNativeName($constant->name, $classDef->namespace, $classDef->name);
-            echo $constName . ".unset();\n";
-        endif;
-    endforeach;
-endforeach;
-?>
-}
-
-PHP_RINIT_FUNCTION(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>) {
-    php::request_init();
-    php_app_init();
-
-<?php if ($this->buildMode === 'bin'): ?>
-<?php if (count($this->functions['main']->argInfoList) == 2): ?>
-    php::eval("global $argc, $argv; main($argc, $argv);");
-<?php else:?>
-    php::eval("main();");
-<?php endif; ?>
-<?php endif; ?>
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-PHP_RSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>) {
-    php_app_clean();
-    php::request_shutdown();
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-zend_module_entry <?=$this->getModuleName()?>_module_entry = {
-    STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER,
-    "<?=$this->getModuleName()?>",
-    ext_functions,
-    PHP_MINIT(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>),
-    nullptr,
-    PHP_RINIT(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>),
-    PHP_RSHUTDOWN(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>),
-    nullptr,
-    nullptr,
-    STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES,
-};
-
-<?php if ($this->buildMode === 'ext'): ?>
-ZEND_GET_MODULE(<?=$this->getModuleName()?>);
-<?php else: ?>
-zend_module_entry *<?= Translator::PREFIX . 'embed_' ?>get_module() {
-    return &<?= $this->getModuleName() ?>_module_entry;
-}
-<?php endif; ?>
\ No newline at end of file